The Choice of Celebration of the Young Generation Forecast Social Change Essay Example for Free

The Choice of Celebration of the Young Generation Forecast Social Change Essay Our research topic is the choice of celebration of the young generation forecast social change. This research topic has been selected to see the impact of western events on young generation of our country. Questionnaires were given to the youngster’s separately Questionnaires consist of 14 questions and we gave 30 copies of questions to separate individuals. The results are showed on pie charts and there is little discussion on every question. We came to know that youngsters like to celebrate western events but they also know that these often create vulgarity among them. One side they agree that these events mislead new generation and may cause deviant behavior but they also attract towards those events because of their glamour. There are positive and negative responses from youngsters toward western events. Observation shows that if youngsters know the reason and history that belong to western events, encourage their attitude may become changed toward these events. The negative impact of western events may be controlled by the adult and should be encourage with Islamic values and local cultural events. 2. Introduction The aim of the reports is to find out the cultural change that is going to be invited by the young generation through their way of celebration. As the sources of the research we have exploited books, internet and went for surveying people etc. the result shows both the good and bad impact of the way of celebration of the young generation on our society and culture which survey on our society and which surely opens doors for culture change. 2. 1 What is an Event? An event is usually staged by a local community, which enters on some unique aspect of that community. Among many religions, event is a set of celebration in honors of God/s. But in common Events is a program that is usually held at regular intervals often in one place. People are waiting for those days to celebrate these events. Often events comes in once in the year. These events differ from each other on the basis of religious and geographical characteristics of the people. The events allow the people to rejoice themselves. It also creates a cultural harmony among them. 2. 2 The nature of western events Now a day, because of amazing development in the field of science world has become the global village. Western culture attracts the people all over the world. Western events are not only associated with the national days and Religions days they also celebrate social problem and occasion specific to a day. Western people celebrate New Year Day, valentine Day, Friendship Day, Rose Day, Love Day, and Music Day with great zeal. They also associate days with the love and devotion towards father and mother and celebrate father’s day and mother’s day. The purpose to celebrate the teacher’s day is to give tribute to teachers. In Bangladesh many people celebrate New Year, on 1st January. Due to blessing of media, youngsters like to celebrate valentine day. They try to wear red dresses and exchange gifts their friends and fiance. Neither they feel know the history of these events nor of the purpose of the celebration. Western events are much charming and glamour’s. These events are unique and also enjoyable. Another event which is celebrated on 1st April, some non serious or naughty people making fun of others by making them fool without any reason, purpose and without any feeling on this day. People make false stories and tell others for seeking happiness and enjoyment in the trouble and worries of other people. Some of western events may celebrate to point out or locate special social problems. World no smoking day, tobacco day, pollution day, health day, population day, labor day, are some of   these events. Valentine day, friendship day, rose day, color day. Costumes day, Christmas day are some events which are much popular among youngsters. 3. Method The objectives of the study are: * To find out the effect of western events on youth’s life. * To analyze the interest of youth in western events. * To find out that how much youth adopting western events. * To find out the causes of attending western events. The research topic was selected in order to observe to the impact of western events on the young generation of Bangladesh who like to adopt western culture. As the research Procedure simple techniques were used for data collection. There are 25 respondents fill the research questionnaire. The respondents are the youngsters of Samford University Bangladesh and some youngsters who were available on that time. The collected data was analyzed through percentages and then these percentages converted on to pie charts through ms excel. Pie chart shows clearly the responses of the youngsters. As we asked the youngsters n 80% response as positive and 20% response as negative. 8. Pie chart 6 shows the responses of people towards western events provide the plat form for unethical activities  As we asked youngsters, you agreed that western events provide the plat form to unethical activities, 75% of them answered yes and 25% answer no. 9. Pie 7 shows the responses of people towards Western events may cause deviant behavior among youth. As we asked to the youngsters 90% agreed that western events may cause deviant behavior among and 10% of them response as No. 0. Pie chart 8 shows the responses of people towards Western events effects our culture. As we asked the youngsters that do you agree that western events effects our own culture of Bangladesh then 85% answered yes and 15% answered no. 11. Pie chart 9 shows the responses of youngsters towards which are mostly happened by the practice of western events in our country. 60% said that western events responsible to affect our culture of Bangladesh, 30% said that it is responsible vulgar young generation and 10% said that it is responsible western increase crime rate. When we asked the youngster the contingency question that, what is youngster are thinking in the context of our country western cultures have some positive sides- most of them agreed with the positive side of western culture because they thought that it helps us to enhance different types of knowledge, moderate our lifestyle. Some of them got negative side because they thought that it increased adopt bad thing, illegal drugs using and forgetting own culture. When we requested the youngster to describe that, how they observe their religious festival, most of them said that, they observe their religious festival as it is said in their religion from the core of their heart with their family. Eid- Ul- Fitr is the most famous festival of young generation. 14. When we requested the youngsters that, what do they think about the practice of western culture change the pattern of young behavior of young people- most of them agreed western culture changed the behavior of young people, like young people are addicted with drugs, effected the religious believe, it also bring changes in their daily lifestyle. Western events celebrated most of the young generation. Youngsters don’t know the history or purpose of these western celebrations but they just celebrate for entertainment. According to results majority of youngsters are interested in western events. Youngsters celebrate western events because they think that these events are more charming and attractive. So they like to celebrate these kinds of events. Youngsters believe that western events miss lead new generation and our religion doesn’t allow us to celebrate these events. About 60% youngsters thought that these events increase international relations but remaining 40% do not think like this. All youngsters agree that media increase the interest of these events in youth and majority of them think that its effects the Pakistani culture. High numbers of respondents agree that these events provide wrong path to our youth and it also creates complex between different classes. They agree that crime rate increase due to western events and it is also a cause of vulgarity among youngsters but youngsters like to celebrate western events because these attracts youth because of its charm and glamour. Many of the young generation like to celebrate these events because they thought that these events provide the way to express their feelings in a new shape like in the form of valentine day etc. some are against these events because they strongly followed the religious events and don’t like to celebrate any western events. 6. Recommendation From the findings that are discussed yet, it can be said that the impact of western culture is a part of modernization. But it can be considered also as a problem in our country’s perspective. Because many of the young people of our country are addicted day by day to the negative sides of western culture. For this reason after the observation the following recommendation are suggested recommendations: * There should be vast opportunities for young people to know and learn more about our traditional culture. * They should be made aware what are traditional cultures and what western cultures are.

Breast Cancer Awareness And Assessment Health Essay

Breast Cancer Awareness And Assessment Health Essay Programme evaluation is one of the key skills required of public health professionals. Evaluating healthcare interventions is important in order to allocate resources efficiently, assist decision-making and inform policy[1].It is also important in order for programme managers to monitor progress in achieving set objectives, improving programme activities, justify need for continuity and accountability to project funders. The proposed evaluation would be carried out using the CDC framework of programme evaluation which has six steps[2].This evaluation would be somewhat pluralistic in nature as there would be an interplay of the perspectives of different groups[3].However, the dominant perspective would however be that of the policy makers-a managerial perspective[1].This evaluation would be carried out three years after the start of the programme. It would take a long time to achieve the overall programme aim, hence the need for reliance on short or intermediate indicators (Parry)cited in[4]. An evaluation working team would be set up for the proposed evaluation and a leader would be appointed. In this evaluation, the author would be the lead evaluator and would be responsible forselecting members of the evaluation team, scheduling meetingswith stakeholders, planning, and budgeting funds for the evaluation, addressing data collection needs, reporting evaluation findings, and working with consultants whose services may be required. Prioragreement would be on the reasons for carrying out the evaluation, the primary user of the evaluation findings, funding arrangements, time-line for completion of the evaluation and reporting of its findings. Engaging stakeholders The programme mainly targets postmenopausal women between 48 and 63 years as breast cancer commonly affects this population. However, the 40-47 age group would be included as early presentation occurs commonly in this population. The key stakeholders involved in the programme are the clients, the Federal Government of Nigeria, the Federal Ministry of Health, Oyo State Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Women Affairs, University College Hospital, Ibadan, programme managers, and staff. Professional associations-Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), Association of Radiologists of West Africa and the Medical Women Association ofNigeria (MWAN) -advocate for the implementation of a national breast cancer screening programme and policy which is currently non-existent[5, 6]. Other stakeholders are advocacy groups-the Genevieve Pink Ball Foundation , Breast Cancer Association of Nigeria (BRECAN),Medicines Plus; media groups-Silverbird Entertainment, Inspirational FM, City People, Genevieve mag azine, Globacom Limited-a leading telecommunications firm. The primary users of this proposed evaluation are the policy makers and the programme management.The findings would determine if the programme is worth its ‘value for money and would help inform decision on the whether the programme should be continued and if a screening policy would be implemented. The purpose of the evaluation would be made clear and agreed upon by all key stakeholders from the outset[4]. It would have been possible to develop the logic model for this evaluation using the theory of change approach with the stakeholders. Defining a theory of change which is agreed by all stakeholders can mitigate the effects of causal attribution[4].One representative would be selected from each key stakeholders group to form an evaluation working group. The stakeholders in the team would be asked about their vested interests in the programme, their expectations, and what resources they would put in during the actual implementation of the evaluation. The Ibadan-Ibarapa Breast Cancer Screening Initiative The programme was commissioned in December, 2006 in response to the growing concern for the need for early detection of breast cancer. The programme aims is to reduce incidence and mortality from breast cancer in women. Breast cancer screening is a secondary prevention programme that takes the form of physical examination using in combination with radiographic techniques-mammography. Health needs assessment using the epidemiological approach conducted prior to the implementation of the programme revealed that breast cancer is the most common cause of female cancer deaths in Nigeria. Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women globally[7] and in Nigeria [5, 8-11].It accounts for the greatest proportion of cancer deaths in women in Nigeria. Previous surveys showed a rising prevalence in breast cancer in Nigeria from 33.6 per 100,000 in 1992[12] to 116 per 100,000 in 2001[5].A retrospective review of hospital-diagnosed cases of cancer revealed 1,216 cases over a four-year period with breast cancer accounting for 13.9% of the cases[11] .Differences exist between the aggressiveness and survival rates in Nigerian women when compared to other populations[13, 14]. The mean age at presentation is 48 years[5]. The average age at menopause of Nigerian women is 48 years[15, 16]. The intervention targeted at women between 40 and 64 years as early presentation-before menopause-has been observed to be the dominant pattern in this population. There is generally a low level of awareness and knowledge of early detection breast cancer among Nigerian women [8, 10, 17-19].Despite the burden, there is currently no national policy or programme for early breast cancer detection[5, 18]. There is a high mortality from breast cancer in Nigeria. This is because most present for treatment late[18, 20-22] and tumours are more aggressive, responding poorly to medical treatment[23].Cultural factors and religious influences also affect health seeking behaviours with some detected cases seeking healing from lay or traditional practitioners. Risk factors for developing breast cancer include age at menopause, at age at first live birth and parity, history of   first-degree relative with breast cancer[24]and smoking. Research evidence supports that early detection of breast cancer leads to improved outcomes. Surveys investigating the knowledge, attitudes and practice of female health care workers showed that with the exception of physicians, there are gaps in knowledge of the risks of breast cancer and low practice of early detection methods [6, 25]. The activities being carried out in this programme are: Breast cancer seminars and workshops for nurses, physicians, community health workers, public health nurses and health promotion specialists in order to increase their knowledge of breast cancer risks and change their attitudes towards screening practices Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) trainings using breast models -donated by the University of Chicago Medical Centre-in order to enhance clinical skills in breast lump detection. Breast cancer education workshops and lectures for postmenopausal women and teaching skills in Breast Self Examination (BSE) to increase their knowledge of the benefits of early detection of breast cancer and to change their attitudes and beliefs on breast cancer Counselling sessions by breast cancer survivors who are volunteers trained to help motivate women in utilising the screening service and reassurance that the benefit of screening outweighs any discomfort felt during the mammography procedure Distribution of IEC (Information, education and communication) materials breast cancer facts leaflets and posters to increase knowledge of breast cancer risks and the benefits of early detection Media campaigns through paid and unpaid advertisements in newspapers and magazines widely read by women; radio jingles in English and the local dialect; role plays on television by volunteers; health promotion messages on television aired in English and Yoruba languages Provision of free Clinical Breast Examination (CBE) and free mammography screening to postmenopausal women between ages 40 to 63 years Funding is mainly from the Federal Government with equal support from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and the Genevieve Pink Ball Foundation. Shortage of health care staff and inadequately trained staff contribute to mortality from breast cancer. Cultural and religious beliefs also influence cancer health-seeking behaviours. There is increasing interest in cancer issues and many agencies are getting involved in breast cancer awareness activities. Focusing the evaluation design Evaluation design and perspective taken by an evaluation depends on who the primary user of the evaluation is[1].The proposed evaluation takes the managerial perspective[1]. The primary users of this evaluation are the programme managers and the policy makers (health systems). At this stage of the programme, three years after its implementation, it is inappropriate to make judgement based on the achievement of long-term outcomes. It will thus assess the changes in the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of the clients concerning breast cancer and the utilisation of the screening service. Purpose of the evaluation In future, evaluating the programme would determine if the breast cancer awareness programme and screening leads to a reduction in incidence and mortality from breast cancer in women aged 40-63 years .The proposed evaluation would carried out in order for policy makers to decide the effectiveness of the programme in promoting health i.e. to evaluate the effectiveness of breast cancer screening as a public health policy; to make decisions about continuity of the service in light of its cost-effectiveness in the face of other healthcare needs competing for funds and to assist in policy making and implementation [4]of a national breast cancer screening programme. It would also assist the programme manager in judging fidelity of implementing the programme activities. The main evaluation questions to be dealt with can be thus can be summarised as follows: Effectiveness-‘Is the programme working as intended? i.e.is it achieving the objectives it set out in its mandate? Efficiency- ‘Are the programme activities being produced with minimal use of resources? The proposed evaluation would use the Before-After (Type 3) evaluation approach[1] in assessing the effectiveness of the programme in producing the change in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour that would ultimately lead to achievement of the programmes goal of reducing the incidence and mortality from breast cancer. This evaluation needs to be carried out in a relatively short period and funding for the evaluation is limited. While true randomised controlled trials are said to be the gold standard for evaluation[26], they would be unethical; expensive to conduct and take a really long time to complete. The main problem with this before-after design is the issue of causal attribution- that the results may not be conclusive in proving that the outcomes are as a result of the programme activities[1].The opinions and inputs of the key stakeholders would also be taken into account at this stage[27].Stakeholders opinion would be sought on how the evaluation would be funded ,how long it wo uld be carried out for and what the reasonable level of achievement should be. The number of years the programme has been in existence would help set the standard against which progress is monitored. Gathering credible evidence-Data collection The mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods would be used in data collection.Observational methods would be used in collecting some primary data for the evaluation as there are few existing databases from which the relevant information for the evaluation can be obtained. Green and South stress that selecting methods for measuring outcomes of health promotion programmes should be based on concern for â€Å"reliability, validity, suitability for purpose, feasibility, consistency with the values and methods of working of the project and appropriateness for use with various groups†[4].Although validity is recognised as being very important in selecting the indicators for evaluation, practical feasibility should also be put into consideration[4]. McNamara fallacy-‘making the measurable important rather than the important measurable. Change in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of healthcare workers would be assessed using a structured self-administered questionnaire placed in the staff pigeon holes at the teaching hospital where the programme activities are carried out. The questionnaire would be pre-tested prior to its use for the evaluation. Pertinent questions would reflect social and demographic characteristics of the respondents, level of knowledge about breast cancer, risk factors for its development, symptoms, screening methods known as well as their individual practice of breast self examination (BSE) and screening using mammography as appropriate. The questions would be closed and pre-coded responses would be included in the questionnaire as these are quick to analyse[28].Careful attention would be paid to the wording of the questionnaire and how the information is coded during its design in order to ensure its reliability and validity. The healthcare workers would be sampled using the stratified ran dom sampling technique based on age and gender. Responses would be anonymised to reduce the chances of reporting bias. The number of healthcare workers would be determined from the training register kept by the programme monitoring and evaluation staff and it can be estimated from the survey in the absence of fidelity in the recording of programme activities. In order to assess if the healthcare workers have developed the appropriate clinical competence in Clinical Breast Examination (CBE).Participants would be observed carrying out the examinations. A hospital researcher skilled in ethnographic methods would be called upon to engage in this aspect of the evaluation. The limitation of this method of investigation is that observer bias is an issue to contend with and the method is not objective[28].To limit observer bias, a different observer would also assess the trained participants-inter-observer comparison[28].The contribution of the Hawthorne effect-a reactive effect which produces bias- is also a limitation worth noting [28].If healthcare staff are aware that they are being studied, they strive to demonstrate that they have the required level of competence in carrying out the breast examination. Changes in the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of screening in the clients would also follow the before-after method of investigation. Study participants would be randomly selected from the community. Informed consent would be ensured before data collection. Data would be obtained using structured pre-coded questionnaires with allowance for open-ended questions delivered via face-to-face interviews trained interviewers. The interviewers would trained on the social skills of establishing good rapport with people in order to reduce potential bias[28].Information obtained would include socio-demographic variables- age, marital status, level of education, religion, occupation-potential risk factors for developing breast cancer-family history of breast cancer, parity, duration of breast-feeding age at onset of menstruation, age at menopause-knowledge of screening methods-Breast Self Examination(BSE),Clinical Breast Examination(CBE) and mammography and on utilisation of screening servic es[29].Barriers to accessing service can also be explored. Mailed questionnaires would have taken less time and would be cheaper to administer but consideration is given to the fact that most people in this community do not have mailing addresses and the literacy level is generally low. Justifying conclusions Data collected from the surveys would be analysed using appropriate tests with statistical software. The main exposure variables of interest the educational component of the programme and the physician skills training in Clinical Breast Examination(CBE) while the main outcome of interest is the utilisation of mammography as a screening service. Secondary variables of interest are the media campaigns, healthcare workers training, Clinical Breast Examination Other factors that would be explored would be the effect of some key demographic characteristics like age, ethnicity, and level of education on the utilisation of the mammography service. In conducting the analysis, adjustment would be made for potential confounding by other influences. The before-after status of the women receiving the educational programme would be compared. For the uptake of mammography as a screening method comparison before and after status would also be compared as though a few other mammography centres exist, none is currently running a similar awareness programme that may qualify its use as a non-random control. The overall results obtained would be compared with the set standards as outlined in the programme objectives or in the absence of this, what was agreed upon at the stakeholders meeting as a measure of success Ensuring use of the evaluation findings The findings would be put together as a draft after representing the data in well-presented graphs and tables as appropriate and circulate among the stakeholders. After reviewing the draft with the stakeholders, the results would be disseminated widely in the hospital journals, as a government publication, in women magazines and other publications as defined by the stakeholders. The results obtained are expected to help inform the development and implementation of a national breast screening policy and programme. Quality assessment There are a number of frameworks that have been developed for investigating the quality of healthcare services[30]. The Maxwells framework would be used for assessing the quality of the screening service. Maxwells conceptualisation of health care quality is organised around the following six dimensions[31]: Access to services-accessibility in terms of time ,distance and location of services, language and other cultural barriers Relevance to need (for the whole community) Effectiveness (for individual patients) Equity (fairness) Social acceptability(cultural competence) Efficiency and economy. Effectiveness The effectiveness of mammography as a screening method has been proven to be beneficial by some studies. A case-control study reported a 50% reduction in mortality from breast cancer using mammography hence supporting its efficacy[32].A recent case control study also demonstrated similar results[33]. Collette et alevaluated a breast cancer screening programme using different methodologies and found that early detection using mammography reduced mortality in the 50-64 age groups[34]. Though a previous meta-analysis demonstrated no benefit to women in the 40-49 age group[35],the well cited Swedish trials have however suggested the need for screening in this age group. Efficiency and economic evaluation This would answer the evaluation question: ‘are we making the best use of limited resources? The economic evaluation of this programme would take the managerial standpoint to answer the policy makers question on if it is the best ‘value for money. It is important in making resource allocation decisions[4]. The overall summary of the programme can be succinctly stated as: Activities- breast cancer education workshops, lectures, and seminars, Clinical Breast Examinations (CBE) for healthcare workers distribution of information leaflets and posters, media campaigns, mammography. Outputs-Number of educational sessions held, number of healthcare workers trained, no of women reached by educational programme, number of women counselled, number of women screened, and number of IEC materials distributed Outcomes -increased awareness and knowledge of breast cancer risks and screening methods (short-term outcome) -increased awareness of early detection (intermediate outcome) -increase in uptake of breast cancer screening (behaviour change) Goal-reduction in incidence and mortality from breast cancer (long term impact) Accessibility, equity, relevance, and acceptability The issue of accessibility and social acceptability would be addressed in the questionnaire survey of clients after the intervention.Relevance to need was initially addressed in the epidemiological needs assessment prior to programme implementation. In further evaluating the need for the programme with respect to the community, focus group discussions with carefully selected members of the community would be held. Members of women groups who are opinion leaders in the community would be involved in these interviews. This technique enables the evaluator explore in-depth views on how social, cultural, religious, and other barriers that affect the uptake of screening service. However, they are time-consuming; data is difficult to analyse; confidentiality is compromised and interviewer bias is a key issue[28]. References Ovretveit, J., Evaluating health interventions : an introduction to evaluation of health treatments, services, policies and organizational interventions. 1998, Buckingham: Open University Press. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health.   1999   [cited 2010 7 February]; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/eval/framework.htm. Naidoo, J. and J. Wills, Evaluation in health promotion, in Foundations for health promotion. 2005, Baillià ¨re Tindall Edinburgh. Green, J. and J. South, Key Concepts for Public Health Practice: Evaluation. 2006, Maidenhead: Open University Press. Adesunkanmi, A.R.K., et al., The severity, outcome and challenges of breast cancer in Nigeria. The Breast, 2006. 15(3): p. 399-409. Akhigbe, A. and V. Omuemu, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian urban city. BMC Cancer, 2009. 9(1): p. 203. Ferlay, J., et al., Global Burden of Breast Cancer. Li C et al. Breast Cancer Epidemiology, Springer Science, 2008. Okobia, M., et al., Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer: A cross-sectional study. World journal of surgical oncology, 2006. 4(1): p. 11. Okobia, M.N. and U. Osime, Clinicopathological Study of Carcinoma of the Breast in Benin City. African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine de la SantÃÆ' © Reproductive, 2001. 5(2): p. 56-62. Adebamowo, C.A. and O.O. Ajayi, Breast cancer in Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 2000. 19(3): p. 179-91. Nggada, H.A., et al., Breast Cancer Burden in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria. The Breast Journal, 2008. 14(3): p. 284-286. Ihekwaba, F.N., Breast cancer in Nigerian women. British Journal of Surgery, 1992. 79(8): p. 771-775. Ikpatt, O.F., et al., Breast cancer in Nigeria and Finland: epidemiological, clinical and histological comparison. Anticancer Research, 2002. 22(5): p. 3005-12. Huo, D., et al., Population Differences in Breast Cancer: Survey in Indigenous African Women Reveals Over-Representation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009. 27(27): p. 4515-4521. Okonofua, F.E., A. Lawal, and J.K. Bamgbose, Features of menopause and menopausal age in Nigerian women. International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics, 1990. 31(4): p. 341-345. OlaOlorun, F. and T. Lawoyin, Age at menopause and factors associated with attainment of menopause in an urban community in Ibadan, Nigeria. Climacteric, 2009. 12(4): p. 352 363. Okobia, M., et al., Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer: A cross-sectional study. World journal of surgical oncology, 2006. 4: p. 1 9. Oluwatosin, O.A. and O. Oladepo, Knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures among rural women in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Cancer, 2006. 6(1): p. 271. Odusanya, O.O., Breast cancer: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of female schoolteachers in Lagos, Nigeria. Breast J, 2001. 7(3): p. 171-5. Ezeome, R.E., Delays in presentation and treatment of breast cancer in Nigeria. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), 2009. 27(15S): p. 1527-. Ekanem, V.J. and J.U. Aligbe, Histopathological types of breast cancer in Nigerian women: a 12-year review (1993-2004). African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2006. 10(1): p. 71-5. Ukwenya, A., et al., Delayed treatment of symptomatic breast cancer: The experience from Kaduna, Nigeria. South African Journal of Surgery, 2008. 46(4): p. 106. Gukas, I.D., et al., Clinicopathological features and molecular markers of breast cancer in Jos, Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 2005. 24(3): p. 209-13. Negri, E., et al., Risk factors for breast cancer: pooled results from three Italian case studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1988. 128(6): p. 1207-1215. O. Odusanya, O.O.T., Olumuyiwa, Breast Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice among Nurses in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Oncologica, 2001. 40(7): p. 844-848. Black, N., Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care. BMJ, 1996. 312(7040): p. 1215-1218. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and revention. Office of the Director, O.o.S.a.I., Introduction to program evaluation for public health programs: A self-study guide 2005: Atlanta, GA. Bowling, A., Research methods in health:investigating health and health services. 2002, Buckingham: Open University Press Akhigbe, A.O. and V.O. Omuemu, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian urban city. BMC Cancer, 2009. 9: p. 203. Gray, S., The contribution of health services to public health, in Public Health for the 21st Century:new perpectives on policy,practice and participation, J. Orme, et al., Editors. 2007, Open University Press: Maidenhead. Maxwell, R., Quality assessment in health. British Medical Journal, 1984. 288(6428): p. 1470-1. Walter, S.D., Mammographic screening: case-control studies. Annals of Oncology, 2003. 14(8): p. 1190-1192. Puliti, D., et al., Effectiveness of service screening: a case-control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction. British Journal of Cancer, 2008. 99(3): p. 423-427. Collette, H.J., et al., Further evidence of benefits of a (non-randomised) breast cancer screening programme: the DOM project. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1992. 46(4): p. 382-386. Kerlikowske, K., et al., Efficacy of Screening Mammography: A Meta-analysis. JAMA, 1995. 273(2): p. 149-154.

Bad Effects Of Global Warming Education Essay

Bad Effects Of Global Warming Education Essay Barack Obama once said, All across the world, in every kind of environment and region known to man, increasingly dangerous weather patterns and devastating storms are abruptly putting an end to the long-running debate over whether or not climate change is real. Not only is it real, its here, and its effects are giving rise to a frighteningly new global phenomenon: the man-made natural disaster. How much more evidence does the national public need to realize that global warming is here? This global phenomenon will affect every human being, and possibly destroy the earth. The New York Times editorial board recently published One Way or Another, in which the members agree that a bill is needed to enforce the rules on how factories and other fuel emitters must respond to decrease the number of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Scientists prove it that the planet is getting warmer every yearthe planets temperature has increased by one degree Celsius. The government needs to pass a bill t o prevent factories from producing a large amount of CO2, and the public also needs to take steps to stop global warming, such as using green power, and recycling. The main problem of global warming is the release of carbon dioxide, and other dangerous chemicals in to the atmosphere. These dangerous gases are released when we drive our cars and when factories burn fossil fuels for energy purposes, which will later release carbon dioxide in the air. The carbon dioxide and other gases will get absorbed by the Earths blanket, and then re-radiated back to the planet. This process is called the greenhouse effect, and it helps regulate the earths temperature. It is essential for the Earth, and it is one the Earths natural processes. The only problem is when too much carbon dioxide and other toxic gases are released in to the atmosphere; the Earths temperature could overheat, and cause many problems. (NCDC, 2009) The global surface temperatures have been dramatically increasing since the late 19th century. According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Earths temperature has increased by one degree Celsius in the last 50 years that is an increase of .03 Celsius per year. This evidence proves that the Earths is overheating at a fast pace, and that it will cause problems in the future. If our planet continues to increase in temperature, we will encounter many problems. The United Nations panel on climate change projects that the global temperatures will rise 2-6 degrees Celsius by the centurys end enough to have all the polar caps melted. If the ice caps melt, a majority of countries will be under water. Recent research by the United Nations Panel on Global Warming shows that the ice has been melting already, and their evidence was that the Arctic sea ice has decreased about 23% in the last century. The evidence linking global warming and hurricanes is mounting. The warmer climate is heating up ocean waters, and warm ocean water fuels hurricanes. A 2005 MIT study found that the destructive potential of tropical storms has doubled over the past 30 years. It correlates this increasing ferocity with warmer sea surface temperatures, suggesting a strong link to global warming. Research at the Georgia Institute of Technology found that the number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has doubled since the 1970s. (Fight Global Warming, 2008) According to Dr. John Balmes of the American Lung Association of California, higher smog levels may cause serious health problems, including damage to lung tissue, reduced lung function, asthma, emphysema, bronchitis and increased hospitalizations for people with cardiac and respiratory illnesses. Exposure to smog can do serious damage to our lungs and respiratory systems. Inflammation and irritation can cause shortness of breath, throat irritation, chest pains and coughing and lead to asthma attacks. (Fight Global Warming, 2008) Congress has to pass a bill to reduce carbon dioxides levels in the atmosphere, or otherwise the human population is in trouble. According to One way or Another, Senator Barbra Boxer, and John Kerry are going to introduce their long-awaited in bill in December 2009, to impose nationwide limits on greenhouse gas emissions. Lisa Jackson, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, issued proposed rules that would regulate emissions from power plants and other large industrial sources. These government agencies can propose rules, and raise public awareness to stop global warming. One way to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere is to be environmental friendly. If people start to purchase hybrid cars it would reduce the CO2 emission by 50 percent. Hybrid cars use half electricity and half gasif we use less gas it will help us protect our environment. Green technology can definitely move us away from being dependent on foreign oil, and save us money in the process. Reducing the amounts of chemicals, plastics, and other items that are harmful to our environment will prevent global warming. We should use green power, which is produced by wind or solar energy. It will make the environment cleaner, and we dont have to burn fossil fuels, coal, and oil; which will increase the carbon dioxide levels. If we switch to green power, we could decrease our energy bills, and as Obama said in One Way or Another, It would also create more jobs in the U.S. The government needs to step up for the public and create a bill that will prevent large factories from producing huge amounts of carbon dioxide. Global warming has to been taken seriously by the general public and that each person should try their best to protect the environment by using green power, and recycling. Precautions must be taken by everyone because global warming will have an effect on all of us. The human race worked so hard to keep this plant safe, why destroy it now? It will be the next generation that will feel the heat!

Free Handmaids Tale Essays: Men Will be Men :: Handmaids Tale Essays

Men Will be Men in The Handmaid's Tale Perhaps the most frightening aspect of Offred's world is not even its proximity, but its occasional attractiveness. The idea that women need strict protection from harm is not one espoused solely by the likes of Rush Limbaugh or Pat Buchanan, but also by women like Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon. This protectionist variety of feminism is incorporated in the character of Offred's mother, and to a certain degree in Aunt Lydia. Offred's mother is just as harsh in her censorship of pornography as any James Dobson. By burning the works which offend her, she too is contributing to the notion that women's safety is contingent on squelching the Bill of Rights. The restriction of sexually explicit pictures places the blame for sex crimes on women, again -- the women in the photographs who supposedly drive men to rape. Where have we heard this before? Who else refuses to hold rapists responsible for their own actions, choosing instead to restrict the behavior of those they consider the catalysts? Aunt Lydia is depicted as being mildly psychotic, but the "freedom from" that she offers seems oftentimes almost soothing. To be free of fear of rape would be a wonderful thing. To force men to act respectful seems not too bad. We can observe this attitude on our own campus, where the student government holds a "nightwalk" every few years. On these walks, dangerous areas are marked out and reported to the Physical Plant and the campus police. In response, bushes and trees next to walkways are demolished to discourage possible attackers who might conceal themselves in them. More halogen lamps are installed. More foot patrol officers walk potential problem spots. Every year the campus looks less like a university and more like an armed camp, but we accept these ugly alterations on our environment in the name of safety. It doesn't seem like such a high price to pay. In a way, many women already live in a sort of Gilead. They would not dream of going out alone. They feel unfulfilled without children. They do not read (they don't have the time.) They occupy little more than a servant's position in their own homes. Their access to abortion is denied. They already live under so many unreasonable restrictions and expectations -- what's a little more, if it comes with a guarantee of safety?

Venture Capital Financing Essay -- essays research papers fc

What is Venture Capital   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Venture capital is money provided by professionals who invest alongside management in young, rapidly growing companies that have the potential to develop into significant economic contributors (NVCA). Venture capital is an important source of equity for start-up companies. These portfolio companies that receive venture capital are thought to have excellent growth prospects. Start-up companies don’t usually have the access to capital markets because they are private. Venture capitalists are one solution to financing high risk, but potentially high reward companies. Usually the investors receive a say in the company’s management, they may be on the board, and they expect to receive returns 5-10 times their investment of up to 50 million dollars (Burk). History of Venture Capital It is important to start out with the history of venture capital to see how it has grown as well as to show its ups and downs. It was thought to be developed in the years following WWII but it can actually be dated all the way back to partnerships in the Babylonian Code (Gompers). These Babylonian partnerships used gold or silver to finance caravans. The terms for were 12 years and 100% profits (Heise). Much later the first venture capital firm was established in 1946. Karl Compton, the MIT President, along with Georges Doriot, a Harvard Business School Professor, formed American Research and Development (ARD). There were also local businesses leaders involved in the project. During the war, there were many new technologies developed as well as other innovations from MIT. About half of ARD’s profits came from its investment in Digital Equipment Company in 1957. It had only invested $70,000 but had grown in value to $355 million. A decade later, many other venture capital firms were formed. They were all structured as publicly traded closed-end funds as were ARD’s. Closed-end are mutual funds whose shares must be sold to other investors, instead of being redeemed from the issuing firm. In 1958, the first venture capital limited partnership was formed, Draper, Gaither, and Anderson. Others soon followed suit, but limited partnership remained the minority during 1960’s and 1970’s. The rest were either closed-end funds, or small business investment companies. During these years, the total annual venture funds were small and never exc... ...try. They are very optimistic about the future of venture capital funding. They say this is due to the fact that more investors are investing in venture capital, as well as the increase of IPO’s (Raffa). Works Cited Bartlett, Joseph. Fundamentals of Venture Capital. Rowman Publishers, 1999. Burk, James, and Richard Lehman. Financing Your Small Business. Sphinx Publishing,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004. Camp, Justin. Venture Capital Due Diligence. Wiley Inc, 2002. Gompers, Paul, and Joshua Lerner. Venture Capital Cycle. Cambridge: The MIT Press,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2000. Heise, John. â€Å"The History of the Bronze Age in Mesopotamia.† 1996. http://mahan.wonkwang.ac.kr/lecture/ancient/meso/sron/bronze_age.html National Venture Capital Association. 2005. http://nvca.org/ Raffa, David. â€Å"Pipe Dreams and Other Opportunities on the Venture Capital Road   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ahead.† 2004. www.catalyst-law.com/document/237 Sherman, Andrew. Raising Capital. 2nd ed. Amacon, 2005 Timmons, Jeffrey, et al. How to Raise Capital. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004. Venture Capital Journal. Thomson Financial, 2005. http://www.venturecapitaljournal.net/vcj/topnews.html

Vietnam War Impact on New Zealand

The Vietnam War had several social effects in New Zealand. The New Zealand publics’ opinion was polarized due to New Zealand’s involvement in the war, and public debate was generated over New Zealand’s foreign policy in particular how it relied on an alliance-based security. An anti-war movement developed in New Zealand, who disagreed with the strategy of forward defense. They also questioned the validity of the domino theory, and thought communism in south-East Asia did not in any way threaten New Zealand.The members of the anti-war movement also condemned the western intervention in Vietnam; they argued that they should not support a corrupt regime such as Ngo Dinh Diem, that it was immoral. The anti-war activists urged the New Zealand government to get a more independent foreign policy, instead of being submissive to the American government. The anti-war movement grew steadily, by the 1970s mobilizations that involved thousands of New Zealanders marching to pr otest the war where occurring in cities all over New Zealand.Young and highly educated New Zealanders made up a most of the anti-war war movement, which was also supported by church groups, students, and growing numbers of the public. This was a large social effect the Vietnam war had on New Zealand as it meant people where coming together to protest the war, and it caused New Zealanders to be more aware of politics and become more politically involved. The Vietnam War also had large political impacts in New Zealand.While New Zealand troops where in Vietnam the political ideas of National and labor towards the war became markedly different. Initially both parties supported sending troops, national publically stating New Zealand had a duty to support its ally, but as the war continued Labor began to adopt the ideas of the anti-war movement. From 1969 labor promised if they were elected New Zealand troops would be withdrawn from Vietnam. Labor supported a more independent foreign poli cy, which would reflect New Zealand as a small multicultural country situated in the south pacific.Labor hoped it would be able to achieve this and keep New Zealand in its alliances. National however remained committed to an alliance based foreign policy, arguing a small country such as New Zealand had to rely and co-operate on powerful allies. New Zealand’s involvement in the Vietnam War lead to the end of the earlier Bipartisan cold war consensus between National and Labor on foreign policy, marking it a significant turning point in the development of a new direction for New Zealand’s foreign policy.The Vietnam War had both long term impacts on the New Zealand soldiers involved and more immediate impacts. A more immediate impact was while in Vietnam New Zealand soldiers were put under a lot of stress. The Viet Cong were an â€Å"invisible enemy† who fought using guerilla tactics. New Zealand soldiers also patrolled in silence, using hand gestures to communicat e, so as to not reveal their position to the enemy. This meant the soldiers did not know where the Viet Cong were, and knew they could appear at any moment.This would have frightened the soldiers and put more stress on them, as they were never sure when they would run into the Viet Cong, knowing that each time they went round a corner they could run into the Viet Cong. Veterans recall â€Å"endless fear, tension and adrenalin. † during their time in Vietnam. Some of the missions New Zealand soldiers were required to go on resulted in the deaths of Vietnamese women and children, many soldiers suffered psychological damage as a result of seeing the bodies and realizing who they had killed.Upon returning home soldiers faced hostility from the public, who described them as â€Å"war-mongers† and â€Å"baby-killers. † This had an emotional effect on soldiers, who had been an expecting a hero’s welcome, many where surprised and hurt by the public’s react ion. This was one of the factors that caused veterans to think of themselves as â€Å" cynical† and â€Å"distrusting. † New Zealand soldiers also suffered from long term affects from the Vietnam war, in particular many suffered from exposure to the defoliant agent orange.Agent Orange was a dangerous toxin used by the US to kill the foliage the Viet Cong hid in. it was sprayed by air and by hand. Zone three, where New Zealand soldiers were serving had over 20 million liters of Agent Orange sprayed on it, more than the other zones got combined. Exposure to Agent Orange caused high rates of cancers such as liver, Non-Hodgkins lymphoma and lung cancer among veterans, around 30 to 40 years after they left. Agent Orange also had an intergenerational impact, affecting the veteran’s children.After the war many of their wives had still or premature births. One soldier’s wife had seven miscarriages. Agent Orange caused genetic mutations to occur; the women who did manage to have kids gave birth to children with deformities and disabilities. Initially the New Zealand government refused to acknowledge the effects of Agent Orange, and would not give recognition of the harm that had been done to New Zealand soldiers. However after incontrovertible proof was provided to a governments select comity it was officially agreed that New Zealand soldiers had been put at risk.

Fresh Food and Canned Food

Eating is most important activity in our life. Some people eat 2 times, 4 times, or some people in poor countries eat only 1 time a day. We live in a world where the variety of food is immense, and we are responsible for what we eat. We decide what we are about to eat and how it will affect our bodies. The three main differences between fresh food and canned food are flavor, health benefits, and cost. The most notable difference between these two kinds of foods is their flavor.Fresh food have great flavor and taste because they keep all their natural conditions. Canned food however, lack a lot of its flavor characteristics because there are some other chemical products added to the natural foods. Fresh food will have a greater taste and flavor when consumed just because of the time in which they have been prepared. Comparing both types of foods there is another difference. There is a health factor that affects both of them.Canned foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients a nd vitamins when stored, and also it has to be tinned with many conservatives and chemical factors that prolong the shelf life and apparent freshness of the food but could also become toxic if consumed too often. Yet another difference between these two types of foods is the cost. Canned food are much more expensive than fresh foods. The benefit of buying tinned foods is that they are easier to find, for example, in a supermarket instead of the market like the fresh foods.When you look at the picture of the canned food it is so beautiful and it makes you buy it, but when you open it later you will see that they do not match and the taste is not good. Canned food requires less work than fresh food, even sometimes no work at all. If you decide to make food instead buying it ready you would have to spend at least 2 or 3 hours, but you will get delicious food that everyone will enjoy it. Fresh foods are always good for your health, but if you do not have enough time it is fine to get ca nned food. Eating canned food is not recommended, because it can make you sick and you might get diseases from that.