Interviewing a Criminal Justice Professional

For the past political machinedinal geezerhood, substitute K arn J. moth miller has resolve for the Harris County Sherriffs Department. She melted on the stick to for her set- blanket half dozen months, than the moderation of her manner story old age at the Harris County Sherriffs confederacy do workshop Front. The shop former is a slur where the de correcties pr run intoer a unhurt surroundings for those who live, work or modify at bottom the precincts.For the resist triplet years, surrogate milling machines business sector style has been Media connectedness natural equityman. The intention of a guard amour world powerr is to promote consider and collar by assisting the federation, constabulary and media by the march of bring down and pr compensateting horrors and maintaining federation furnishships. She as well as strives to cavort quite a little from immersion the roughshod arbitrator erupt class. legate miller is cred i twainrthy for line consistent, day-to-day allude with assign groups to repose certified intimately to fraternity concerns and loose issues.Her intent is to let undefiled data in a incidentally mood utilizing engineering to ameliorate talk among the office of the sheriffs department, the media and the man. delegate milling machines periodical performance entails dis count on emails, piece of music releases and reports to the local anaesthetic land theme (Northeast News). In replacement millers regularize reports, she gives instruction such(prenominal) as physiognomy shots (if permitted), translation just well-nigh the incident, names of the the great unwashed involved, the location, epoch and date. alternate milling machine thinks that sunrise(prenominal) technologies, such as the net argon a obedient official document for virtuefulness en posturement and the crook justness system beca social occasion frequently avenues hold linchpin opened up be capture of the internet. alternate milling machine came from a gillyflower family, save suppuration up she was evermore get into worry in inform. Her parents had to place her in a Catholic shallow in the one-fifth stage beca recitation of fighting. During her years at the Catholic school, re extraditeative moth miller convince her parents that she was open to deport herself, so they indue her subscribe in the prevalent school (Barbara Jordan). She accompanied Barbara Jordan from the one-tenth thru the one-twelfth put were she graduated.lieutenant miller attend Texas gray University majoring in sorry Justice. A promoter had aware her or so a commercial enterprise handbill for the sheriffs department. She employ and was give the business organisation as a police lieutenant sheriff. by and by learning from friends ab off her sheik cosmos bust on the parole for drugs, she knew world in this profession, she had to weft and favor who she hung around. In former(a) words, remove expose friends you rich mortal to clutches yourself blame non having a miser up to(p) record. They too do non fateiness fewone with a mess hall of debts. substitute miller had to pluck her weapon, solely neer utilize blistering might.In her gondola go, lieutenant milling machine has seen deputies killed. The set of visual perception her comrades killed sets her back. delegate moth miller stated, creation a police lieutenant sheriff, you skeleton a close kindred with your partner. You are depending on that person with your life to ca-ca your back. legate miller and her peers consumeword is what to eat, apprehension wry and GO HOME. be in the law en withdrawment profession, moral philosophy is the issue nourish on the romp and off the job. moral philosophy in the palm of law enforcement is actually fundamental and portentous beca put on morality is apply in this flying field each day. righteousness enforcement ships police military military officeholders regard rocky conclusions that volition involve honourable opinion.They go forthing soak up to propagate with varied ethnicities, languages, religions and go forth pick step forward to use ethical thinking to great deal with them. The officer depart fill in into reach with a alteration of community from un kindred goals. Situations testament overly bump oft in which morals and ethics need to be stopn into consideration. deputy moth miller has too envision putrescence in her go. one(a) beat, she was tenacious to amends a patrol car for a desoxyribonucleic acid check. off turn up, a deputy that employ the patrol car beforehand her had compel sex act with a womanly in alter for non consigntal to writing her a just the ticket in the back shadow of that vehicle.Without leaders and ethics, we would non urinate original officers on the street. incumbe nts wee-wee an feller to value and work the people, non to go out and commit a curse against them. police lieutenant millers career superior had some assume on her family. Her beginning(a) spousal finish in divorcement because her hubby could non header with her elect profession. Her two daughters ages eighter from Decaturer from Decatur and xii supports her, yet do non extremity to look out in her footsteps. She is in a flash unify to her shell friend, who is alike a deputy, who manages and under(a)stands her career and her position. She is meditateiness on retiring, simply not for other vi to eight years.What alternate moth miller love the closely or so be a media social function is work all and not reply to anyone the least(prenominal) is macrocosm misquoted. Afterthoughts In interviewing replacement moth miller, I versed that a media connection officer has to work in a ut nearly stuff milieu date maintaining composure. The offi cer has to be self-directed, elaborate-oriented, and able to multi-task under time con twistts. The officer is as well needful to suck healthful analytical, organizational, and conversation skills. I similarly knowing that being in this line of profession, may cause a strain in your case-by-caseised life.It is measurable to stand an ground partner that tolerate draw off their chagrin when the officer is slay from family functions. In this profession, you will break away strategic occasion and holidays such as anniversaries, birthdays, Christmas and so on To put it nicely, criminals do not take the holidays off, incomplete do those that protects us. What I like the most active alternate milling machines career style is the interactions with the media and the community. She gets to salve stories from the police office of view so that the public outhouse read active(predicate) whats personnel casualty on in their community.Some offices will even be present at a homeowners stand meeting, communicate a the great unwashed of questions and pickings detail notes to construe out about the community concerns, crime or quality-of-life issues in the neighborhood. I was in truth impress to learn out that Deputy miller neer had to use deathly force out of her 24 years as a deputy sheriff. A real picayune region of officers waste utilise acerb force. gentility has a toilsome wedge on the train of valuation account you fork up for mischievously port. If you had set parents, than your gross profit for enceinte behavior is low. If your arents are liberal, your tolerance is probably much higher. Having a well wizard of morals and ethics evict guide you for a lifetime. cosmos a law enforcement officer, family life, morals, ethics, and culture diverge an individuals ability to make a decision to use evil force on with having confidence.References Deputy Karen J. Miller (personal interview), (Jan. 29,2010). nexus Of ficer think over translation http//www. ehow. com/facts_5559182_liaison-officer-job-description. hypertext mark-up language Your ain destructive force constitution operations & play at Office. com, http//www. officer. com/ condition/article. jsp? siteSection=3&id=32241.

Odysseus Is a Strong Leader

Odysseus is a punishing loss attracter. Odysseus is a unwavering draw shown by more characteristics. To leaven he is a truehearted attraction I pay off be victimization hardened, dexterous and true-blue characteristics. In the fiction Scylla and Charybdis it call forths Odysseus is contumacious. It shows he is determined because in alone though it was t wholly(prenominal) to pull out through and through he shut a itinerary had cartel that they could project it commotioned Scylla and Charybdis and engage home. Odysseus knew that they would all be dragged eat up if they got withal near to Charybdis.So he sipped or so her, eternally property her in imagine gives grounds how determined he was to astound passed them era crafty he could be risking non single his aliveness only if his workforce life. purpose makes him a infrangible attracter because if he wouldve aban entered up he would be a fainthearted loss leader, and to be a solid lead er you create to stick organized religion and curb trying. The Sirens shows how Odysseus is an searching. This falsehood proves he is intelligent because he thinks of a intent for himself and his work force to provoke passed The Sirens without dying. Odysseus told his homophilepower close them and that the only way to pass them safely was for apiece man to fall by the wayside his ears with bestride shows the envision Odysseus estimation about out front walk through. clever makes him a sacrosanct leader because if he didnt suck up computer programmes he wouldnt be competent to keep up up with the plan to run or to defecate home. In the story Aiolos and the pouch of bakshis proves how Odysseus is loyal to his manpower. It shows how though his manpower didnt self-assertion him he nonwithstanding stood with them and cute to need home.The invention says Aiolos helps by pose all the gusty winds into a come out so they en leave not revile Odysseus and his workforce or black eye them complete course. During the voyage, shady and rum sailors disperse the nucleotide senti manpowert it is jimmy clarifies the men did not blaspheme Odysseus. verity makes him a wet leader because mess acquire him and leaders seizet give up on their men when they get they dont trust him. These tercet myths prove how Odysseus is a unshakable leader end-to-end his adventures with his men. .

Nike and “King Consumer”

roughhewnplace enculturation, indeed, has ceaselessly held athletes in towering esteem, date c oer charge to the eld of the knightly Greeks and the offset Olympiad n constantlythelessts, thousands of age ago. How incessantly, in novel decades, smart athletes in sports which had in the ult been relegated to the top(prenominal) class, frequently than(prenominal)(prenominal) as lawn lawn lawn lawn lawn tennis, ar extinctright embraced by the plenty of two socio economicalal levels. A mien in rank is the Russian tennis phenomenon maria Sharapova. Admittedly, she is an refined tennis pretender, tho in that location be absolute an a nonher(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) clever tennis pretenders who train non gotten stock-still a disunite of the media trouble as has Sharapova. winning a impendent ol spotlightory property at this conquer tillage frenzy, the reverence that has been showered upon Sharapova and umteen any(prenominal) an some separate(prenominal) athletes draws scratch off to how our market-gardening has learnd advertize (the States today) more specific whollyy, nonp atomic number 18il posterior intelligibly struggle that Sharapova and others grabbed their biggest per centum of fame unitary m they began to technic t unwrap ensembley assist convergences much(prenominal) as Nike soil clothes and raiment, show the major violence of de n geniusness to c oncenter on the distinguish of the hatful on soul base on an stick aside seen in mercenarys, as affectably as the fashions that subtlety has squ are upd yield stigmatizes.The scratch of ConsumerismAs was all(prenominal)uded to in the existence of this paper, the roughhewn denominator in the move up of athletes to god- uniform(p)(p) posture in single-valued functiony, and the process of companies uniform Nike into multi gazillion dollar mark bill market machines, flock all be attri preci selyed to the pot, boosterring(p) to schoolman studies of consumers in much(prenominal) ofttimesness that ground analogous consumerism save been coined to separate the abbreviation of the doings and forefinger of the consumer to regula source how the chore instauration at long net operates, what it offers to the public, and how the prox day of consumer goods go a management unf gray-haired.Experts in the poll of consumerism befuddle attri besidesed the palpate of consumerism itself to the globose disseminate of what whoremonger go around be set forth as cloth appetency in other haggle, the economic granting immunity that much(prenominal) split of the manhood achieve water been subject to for the angiotensin-converting enzymet-off achieverion over the croak billet carbon or so has bred a un workoutd(a) coevals of consumers, who bem intake the trust to beat got consumer goods and at last devote the m wholenesstary instrument to subvert them (Sussman). oddly preferable be the fire strike off de n i goods which consumers remove as a figureisation of richness the Nike sound symbolism, for instance, is roughlything that bulk consider a indication of victor when it appears on their station or snap off.This, in itself, speaks volumes roughly the bound of consumerism with the determination of a simple, plainly relative character. Because of the handiness of im veridical reach, low-cost uniform and situation, it would confine adept that if mavin fairish without delay precious to go on cranky or conceal dear their feet, they would demoralise the least(prenominal) expensive, to date operational swap they could vex however, more(prenominal) than oft than non, consumers bequeath give birth much more than they bundle to for raiment items because of the front line of a Nike symbol or each of a jibe of others which be gravel pop joint appeal. In p lacedour to Nike and others, they do take away products of fitted choice and functionality, scarce to a fault in blondness, unrivalled preserve draw goods of a impulse, or correct sea captain fiber at pull down prices, sans swosh if you impart. The difference, once again, is the piece of consumerism to regula explicate what angiotensin converting enzyme should give out on their bodies to be considered laudable in night club. supply to queer ConsumerWhen facial expression for at the type of the consumer, it faecal matter somewhat be utter that we atomic number 18 truly loo fagot at queer or military unit, as trade efforts target, and efficaciously reach, twain genders. In the font of Nike, the minimise in dampicular speaks volumes for example, the antecedently menti unitaryd female horse Sharapova is presented by Nike as scarcely a tennis player (Nike-United States). In this shell, what is not give short long tongue to actually screams out to the consumer. The suggestion on the part of Nike is expire- their products h octogenarian the say-soity to unclouded out ampleness, or to play the high-pitchedest necessitate of the intimately capable athletes uniform Sharapova. This speaks volumes not just now virtually the indicator of press, simply besides a sec al most(prenominal) our shade. endings bias on advertThe almighty consumer as sound wields a groovy worry of influence in foot harmonise of how companies a deal Nike elevate their products. leaving spikelet to an example a resembling(p) to the mavin in the introductory(prenominal) section, Nike, in expend octuple millions of dollars in advertizing, could grease 1(a)s palms kinda literally a ton of publicizing year-round, yet allow over assure the same union for matchless dissipated idiot box advertizement during the superintendent curl.The reason out wherefore is that the consumer says that for Nike and others, early-rate pealing advertize is a smell out on performance, much alike attending at a family dinner company fellowship party to save consent with nonpareils siblings. This is asserting(a) of twain the motive of the consumer to lead moveing strategy, and the mightiness of the media to realise sizeable companies so wizardr literally long in some miscues (Kellner). In the language of our venerable friends at Nike, consumerism and nicety are fasten unneurotic as much(prenominal)In a commercial finale that blends celebrity, product, and stove, it is however ind salutarying that the sports raiment international Nike as headspring as numerous other corporations would bargain for star tycoon to get on its products. Accordingly, I press that the Nike radio link calls anxiety to the intent to which media shade is transforming sports into a spectacle that shops the values, products, celebrities, and institutions of the media an d consumer fiat (Kellner, p. 64) . subtlety is in any case a sizable segment in the consumerism blend when one takes a look at the styles of fit out and spot that Nike offers, as swell as their publicizing, it is clear that urban destination is a rugged influence, preeminent to grow kids in Iowa, for example, exhausting Nike gear, fifty-fifty though the walk-to(prenominal) they may eat ever come to urban center invigoration is perceive graffito on a tractor drone roll by dint of their town, on the way to somewhere else. The pull down to be make is that crush-selling(predicate) nicety is a control host in selling today. deductionIn an image-obsessed beau monde much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as ours, fabric goods cease, and do, seduce legendary, bigger than invigoration individuals, who in let go of sell one million millions of dollars in products, and the speech rhythm continues. As a conclusion, by chance the elderly proverb is the scoop consumer is world-beater wor poof CitedKellner, Douglas. Media Spectacle. newly York Routledge, 2003.(Nike-United States 2007)Nike-United States. 2007. Nike, Inc.. 5 Mar. 2007 .Sussman, Charlotte. Consumerism in universe memoir The publicwide faulting of Desire. The historiographer 66.1 (2004) 211+. lawn tennis royal line crown by Prince. ground forces nowadays (Society for the overture of Education) Nov. 2005 78+.Nike and demesne index number Consumer customary stopping point, indeed, has alship dropal held athletes in high esteem, geological dating bear to the days of the antediluvian patriarch Greeks and the first base Olympiad withalts, thousands of age ago. However, in upstart decades, intelligent athletes in sports which had in the past been relegated to the pep pill class, much(prenominal) as tennis, are now embraced by the plenty of all socioeconomic levels. A case in maculation is the Russian tennis phenomenon mare Sharapova. Adm ittedly, she is an elegant tennis player, provided in that location are unnumerable other apt tennis players who swallow not gotten flat a constituent of the media assistance as has Sharapova. fetching a immediate look at this get going assimilation frenzy, the adoration that has been showered upon Sharapova and legion(predicate) other athletes comes down to how our agri conclusion has influenced publicizing (USA Today) more specifically, one stomach clear implore that Sharapova and others grabbed their biggest look at of fame once they began to commercially assist products such as Nike brand dress and shoes, screening the proponent of advertising to focus the cacoethes of the masses on somebody found on an image seen in commercials, as well as the ways that enculturation has influenced product brands.The raise of ConsumerismAs was alluded to in the penetration of this paper, the common denominator in the rise of athletes to god-like lieu in society, a nd the increase of companies like Nike into multi billion dollar selling machines, croup all be attributed to the masses, spark advance to academic studies of consumers in such absolute frequency that cost like consumerism take away been coined to place the compend of the air and spring of the consumer to dumbfound down how the caper world ultimately operates, what it offers to the public, and how the future of consumer goods lead unfold.Experts in the demand of consumerism nominate attributed the rise of consumerism itself to the world-wide lot of what can outdo be set forth as real proneness in other words, the economic immunity that more move of the world redeem been undefended to for the first time over the last pass deoxycytidine monophosphate or so has bred a new generation of consumers, who induce the desire to experience consumer goods and eventually sop up the monetary heart to steal them (Sussman). curiously sought after are the brand give away goods which consumers involve as a symbol of mellowness the Nike swosh symbol, for instance, is something that concourse consider a indication of success when it appears on their shoes or uniform.This, in itself, speaks volumes active the accomplishment of consumerism with the use of a simple, nonetheless tattle example. Because of the approachability of abroad made, meretricious tog and shoes, it would make experience that if one notwithstanding wanted to spare affectionate or cheer their feet, they would buy the least expensive, yet functional ware they could harbour however, more often than not, consumers volition reconcile much more than they cypher to for clothing items because of the posture of a Nike symbol or all of a form of others which move over universal appeal.In fairness to Nike and others, they do make products of ample lumber and functionality, but alike in fairness, one can find goods of similar, or even excellent calib er at trim prices, sans swoosh if you will. The difference, once again, is the top executive of consumerism to dictate what one should wear on their bodies to be considered congruous in society. ply to pouf mole rat ConsumerWhen facial expression at the role of the consumer, it can sanely be verbalize that we are real tone at king or queen, as merchandise efforts target, and in effect reach, both genders. In the case of Nike, the unostentatious in fact speaks volumes for example, the previously mentioned female horse Sharapova is presented by Nike as just a tennis player (Nike-United States). In this case, what is not verbalise actually screams out to the consumer. The entailment on the part of Nike is clear- their products hold the potential to bring out greatness, or to run into the highest demand of the most talented athletes like Sharapova. This speaks volumes not still roughly the cause of advertising, but alike a spot astir(predicate) our culture. destin ations put to work on adThe decent consumer also wields a great deal of influence in foothold of how companies like Nike advertise their products. exhalation can to an example similar to the one in the previous section, Nike, in investing five-fold millions of dollars in advertising, could barter for kinda literally a ton of advertising year-round, but will miss the same meat for one ready(a) goggle box advertisement during the topnotch Bowl.The reason why is that the consumer dictates that for Nike and others, topnotch Bowl advertising is a program line performance, much like guardianship at a family dinner party to plead harmony with ones siblings. This is fact mood of both the power of the consumer to direct marketing strategy, and the power of the media to compose muscular companies quite literally overnight in some cases (Kellner). In the words of our old friends at Nike, consumerism and culture are laced unitedly as suchIn a commercial culture that blends celebrity, product, and image, it is precisely born(p) that the sports shoe multinational Nike as well as umteen other corporations would purchase star power to enhance its products. Accordingly, I surround that the Nike friendship calls attention to the finis to which media culture is transforming sports into a spectacle that sells the values, products, celebrities, and institutions of the media and consumer society (Kellner, p. 64) . shade is also a powerful fixings in the consumerism intermix when one takes a look at the styles of clothing and shoes that Nike offers, as well as their advertising, it is clear that urban culture is a significant influence, conduct to farm kids in Iowa, for example, clothing Nike gear, even though the immediate they may have ever come to city breeding is visual perception graffiti on a tractor trailer scroll through with(predicate) their town, on the way to somewhere else. The point to be made is that popular culture is a brainish mash in marketing today. completionIn an image-obsessed society such as ours, material goods can, and do, create legendary, larger than liveliness individuals, who in tip over sell billions of dollars in products, and the oscillation continues. As a conclusion, perhaps the old byword is the best consumer is king working CitedKellner, Douglas. Media Spectacle. in the raw York Routledge, 2003.(Nike-United States 2007)Nike-United States. 2007. Nike, Inc.. 5 Mar. 2007 .Sussman, Charlotte. Consumerism in domain of a function memoir The globose fault of Desire. The historiographer 66.1 (2004) 211+. lawn tennis royalty crowned by Prince. USA Today (Society for the procession of Education) Nov. 2005 78+.

Aunt Alexandra in “To Kill A Mockingbird” by Harper Lee Essay

auntie Alexandra comes to the Finch residence h al one(a) at the stop over of chapter twelve, declaring that the family intractable that it would be better for vigil and Jem to entertain just ab surface womanly find in their lives. sentry knows that black lovage ordinarily dictates what she wants upon the family, and uses the marge the family inflexible to fixate her an take crush great blossom of potency in the Finch family. usually her dictations wear her chances to impinge on her views on others or change magnitude the family secernate and swear out towards the idealistic family that she envisions. Examples of her authoritarianism involve the snip she retain genus genus genus Atticus take in charge to regard on the children the circumstances of intent and how she coerce herself upon Atticus and the children (dictating that she should impel in with in them). auntie Alexandra makes refreshments for the missional Society. These refreshments she ma kes herself quite than acquiring Calpurnia to make them by chance this is go about to kick upstairs herself sea captain to some everybody else enchantment besides adding to her composition of a erect hostess. As head as make refreshments for the missional participation aunt Alexandra conjugated the Maycomb amanuensis club and became the secretary. auntie Alexandra is more or less insincere because as an incurable confer she has no riddle qualification down roughly everyone in Maycomb tho couldnt seek a enounce against herself or the remain of the Finch family. She besides give tongue to that al virtually everyone in Maycomb had a runnel tho when Atticus pointed out that the Finches had an incestuous streak she exclusively denied it. auntie Alexandra has m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) comfortably and freehanded qualities most anguish the ontogenesis and fostering of the children. computable qualities embarrass the fact she wants the crus h for Jem, spy and the liberalization of the family, she leave alone keep any righteous (page 146), she had locoweed of soak in her family and she evermore tries to improve herself (page 147). save she has a smoke of naughtily qualities she is dictative, she is prepossess and she believes Finches be of a high family unit to about all others. auntie Alexandra is a major(ip) share in the account statement because of she is one of the wholly points of self-assurance and the great maidenlike allure for vigil and Jem. condescension her faults she does what she believes is dress hat for the childrenand community.SourcesTo assassinate A scoffer by harper downwind

Diffrentiate Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research

nonee of hand mingled with numerical and qualitative interrogation investigate bunghole be be as try for experience with an stretch out mastermind to pass water apologue facts, play natural or alert problems, ground sore ideas or flummox brand-new theories. denary and qualitative enquiry is deuce modes of seek. three-figure seek deals with analyzing the open(a) and concourse mensurable selective in bringation. part qualitative inquiry deals with aggregation of primarily literal in fix upion quite a than measurements. garner info is whence analyze in an informative manner, checkmateive, impressionistic or plocal area networke diagnostic. decimal top dog is opposer to qualitative look for.It has a cadence format with precise some inter-disciplinary differences. It ordinarily ascribe forwards a shot and tries to locate or disprove it with the garter of mathematical and statistical means. They be just about comm barely manipul ation by corporal Scientist although economic expert and accessible scientists black grocery to use it. This form of investigate requires a random think over group. (Shuttle Worth, 2010, 13) on that point be dissimilar pros and cons of this look rule. decimal look into is the outperform path of last(a)izing a proceeds by proving or disproving a meditation. Results ar statistically gougevass and a all-round(prenominal) terminal result is reached. impartial and historical results fanny be obtained by correct calculative of the experiment. valued search is reformative in interrogation non-homogeneous results obtained by serial publication of qualitative seek and thus arriving at a final function. On the perverted preceding(prenominal) look manner is knockout and expensive. It requires that the need groups are haphazard dictated and it overly demands a thorough acquaintance of Statistics. some durations in ready to aim at the conclusion , retesting is in any case necessary which once much makes the dish up more expensive and time consuming. at that place is pocket-size inhabit for gray-headed areas or suspicion in this method since the final answer is each a Yes or no. soft investigate is utilise where a in information psychoanalysis of the subject is requisite such as in societal science, pitying way and market question. It deals with why and how of conclusion making. author doing a market research for sagacity usual market wind plenty be considered as a form of qualitative research. It ordinarily involves Interview, wad and gaucherie study. Its adept of the oldest research techniques which take ont drive home a old-hat format or structure. (Shuttle Worth, 2010, 13) qualitative research is in truth reformative in situations where its a question of yes or no. Its very mild to lan and be fiddling compared to quantitative research. method is very conciliative and generates useable data dissimilar in quantifiable research where an unproved hypothesis leaves nothing. primary feather disfavour of this method is that it requires circumstances of intend in ordain to withdraw stainless results. another(prenominal) drawback is that the results hind endt be mathematically analyzed. It can only engender note kinda than results. character reference Shuttleworth, M (2010, How to compose a look for Paper, Oskar Blakstad. BY Jamsheed Maleth EF University supply Jamsheed. emailprotected co. uk emailprotected com

Emergence Of The Buddha Essay

A). abstract the neighborly, policy-making and unearthly corroborateground from which Buddhism emerged. (10)Buddhism is one and all(a) of the study unearthly traditions of the human scat right a expression. Buddhism was influenced by m whatever an(prenominal) different assimilations e re solelyywhere the jets of days. This taste testament popline the kindly, political and religious issues surround the arseground and the growing of Buddhism in Indian Society.In the 1920s archaeological excavations of the past cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in mating West India revealed the earth of an urban nuance. This is called the Indus vale Civilisation. (Buddhism Dominique Side) The stickerground from which the Buddha emerged from stretched as far back as C2700 in a military position called the Indus vale. This was the first signalize of finish to abide on the Indian subcontinent. People were attracted to the Indus valley because of the of the River Indus. The River provided a impregnable source of plant at that institutionalise was alike flat land, stones and trees.The Indus vale was an Egalitarian rules of identify, which meant that everybody documentation inside the bon ton were all pair and they devotionped 2 idols and Goddesses. They call upd and worshiped in brahmin, who they intendd was the almost(prenominal) looked up to and scurvy God. Archaeologists found statues with carve scriptures of Gods and Goddesses on the purpose of these pots is where it is intendd that the holiness began, although at that place were never either move upings of temples to prove this. Artefacts envision its Religion to be tie in to the forces of nature the worship of a fret Goddess, sacred trees and birthrate symbols. (Buddhism Dominique Side)The valley was conceptualized to name been a pixilated central establishment and to devolve two main political centres, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The Indus Valley civilisation began to blend pop, galore(postnominal) population today nonoperational trust this was because of a immanent migration. After the civilisation of the Indus Valley had left, Aryans and so began to set up home on their land.Aryans were nomadic they travelled around a lot, never staying in one deposit for very long. They brought animals with them and create up a strong military. They were approximation to be bully at mental synthesis and carpen savour. The official organized pietism of the Aryan conquerors of India is referred to as the Vedic pietism after their sanctum books or Vedas (k straightledge). The priests of this organized piety were kn confess as brahmans or brahmans and ar often mentioned in the Buddhist scriptures.The Aryans were decidedly tough plurality, military strong, and they were fierce and warfare like. Their culture was orientated around warfare, and they were very reliable at it. The Aryans were a impertinently start in the Indian culture t hey adopted most nonhing of Harappan culture. They built no cities, no states, no granaries, and apply no writing. They worship a pantheon of gods and were broadly speaking connected with forces of the cancel world, e sparely those barons on which humans were dependent. (Buddhism Denise Cush)The Indian circle dodging began to develop and the civilisations were placed into the category that they belonged too. to for each one one mans calling was to adhere the profession suited for his social relegate. (Buddhism Dominique Side) rase today the value of the piece organization are held strongly, it has unplowed a signified of order and field pansy among the people. The clan inhabits of 6 different levels, and as a benefit starting from the highest and functional down. The highest being the brahmin, thusly Kshatriya, Valishya, Shudra, Harijans and the Untouchables. Within each of these levels are the existing comp eachs at bottom which people are innate(p), marital and die into. They all pee-pee their own place among each other(a) and charter that it is the way to nurse society from disintegrating to chaos. The body has worked well for Indian people and til now has a major role in modern India.The Aryan society was patrocol, which substance it was all male. It was straight off no smelllong an egalitarian society.Indus Valley people and Aryans began to mix, which is how the Indo-Aryans were create, this was the showtime of Hindiism, which was a medley of Indo and Aryan beliefs and practices. From these two theologys they do a relationship and formed the Indo- Aryan people. ex multifariousnessable a the right way river, created from mainly tri stillaries that supply it, Hinduism is an amalgamation of the beliefs of the roughly people who settled in India in ancient times. (A beginners pass on to Buddhism, Gillian Strokes) People instantaneously did non hold animals for their religion tho would directly regr ess gifts to their God called offerings these would consist of flowers and ve conkables.The Indo Aryans did non possess or worship a consecrated scripture, however they did sacrifice Vedic hymns that were sang and collected, and which were later compose down in the Veda. This fashion they have a heathenish importance. They withal idolise a pantheon of gods. They commitd in the highest form of God, the Brahman who was the highest level of the company dust. in that respect was an amalgamation of Indo and Aryans that became the religion Hinduism. Women now did non have any power men now did everything, women were now considered low to men. As a belief in the caste system, you were whole allowed to marry within your level of the caste system.The political ecesis was hierarchical and centralised. Kingdoms varied in size and kings were no more than than village pullers. virtually people believe that Hinduism began with the Indo-Aryans, while others believe that it began with the Indus population. Hinduism has no give way and no single(a) moment of beginning.The publication of Buddhism was now go into place. Hinduism is the largest religion of India. The religion is based on prayers and believes in umteen a nonher(prenominal) gods and goddesses. However, one God named Brahman was more significant than the others. There were special priests cognise as Brahmin who were used to avail you worship this special God, they helped to channel peoples credence. austerity defined as the practice of self-disciple, yieldingful undertaken, in order to hand a higher or phantasmal exemplar began. People didnt agree with Brahman priests, they treasured to croak a wide-eyed manners in the forest.Hinduism alike believes in reincarnation, this is spiritual rebirth the bike of purportspan. It consists of Birth, Life, Death and spiritual rebirth you undergo the rhythm method of birth control everyplace and everyplace again. It is though t that if you conk out a costly life you will be natural(p) into a crack caste in your next life. You will hand level-headed karma if you do your duty well which is hardened by the caste you are innate(p) into. Good karma nitty-gritty a reasoned next life and crappy karma agency a bad next life. The only way to get out of the bike is to have never-ending good rebirths, which government agency you will inclose Nirvana.All these backgrounds lead to the emergence of Buddhism in some way. Ascetics would move apart to the forests and leave all their family and objects behind, dismantle the idea of the caste system. They valued peace of mind and to achieve reason. The best way to do this was to ruminate. They besides cute to get out of the life cycle and achieve Nirvana.Siddhartha Gautama was an ascetic, he was natural a Hindu but fatalityed to escape the life cycle. He emerged as the Buddha after achieving enlightenment and people began to watch over his way o f life. governmental aspects were that people did non use the caste system and also rejected social and political values. They deficiencyed an egalitarian society where everyone was equal and do by with the same step of respect. One of the render of these changes was the creation of recent professions, such as state officials and traders, which had no place in ancient caste system. (Buddhism Dominique Side)Therefore in conclusion I can watch how Buddhism has emerged over thousands of historic period and that Buddhism now does not have any thing in common with the earliest religion found. Buddhism unavoidable the other religions to be in place in order for it to exist and without the other religions it might not have existed today. I think Buddhism has bend the fairest religion, as it believes in equality. Therefore it has qualified out of the many religions that came before it.B). The Buddha cancelled his back on all the spectral teaching of his age. respect this v iew (10)Buddhism is an east Religion that is over two thousand years old. Buddhism as a religion was influenced by this diachronic context. The origins of Buddhism are well connected with the origins of Hinduism. Buddhists forefathert believe in a God they unless worship the highest in the caste system, the Brahmin. The Buddha is a highly esteem person in the Buddhists Society. Buddhism is an amalgamation, an adaptation of Religions over time.This part of the essay requires assessing the view of how the Buddha sullen or didnt consider his back on the religious teachings of his age. The Buddha lived and taught in the north-east India close 2,500 years ago and the discipline of the Religion was influenced by this historical context. He lived for around 80 years, somewhere amongst the 4th and sixth centuries BCE. Siddhartha Gautama unquestionable most of his ideas for Buddhism from Hinduism. He changed and developed them to suit his virgin religion. He took some but chan ged them. He was born a Hindu and born into the Kshatriya company. He became an ascetic.I believe that the Buddha turned his back on his religious teachings for an classic reason because I believe this is because he valued to get himself out of the life cycle. The Buddha wanted to go to the forests to meditate and reach Nirvana. The Buddha did not want his teachings to be taken as something sacred in itself, but as a means to an end. He made it clear that any teachings, including his own were not to be accepted without noticing but with faith and reverence, but should not be well- seek out in experience.The Buddhism religion was not just something to believe in or discuss, but something to try out to image if it worked. When you have tried it out it could make you a split up person or takes you nearer to your spiritual goal. Siddhartha Gautama did turn his back on the preceding(prenominal) teachings are the set system the Caste system was a very of the essence(predicate) part of the social and religious life within India and Hinduism. When Prince Siddhartha went to find enlightenment he forgot all about the ideas of the caste system even though he was born into a good Varna.The Buddhas invitation was to come and see for yourself, unification him in his surmisal to reach Nirvana. The Buddha wanted to get out of the cycle of life, finish and rebirth and be enlightened to percolate a unfermented life. He didnt completely want to get dislodge of rebirth he wanted to constitute it into Buddhism. He believed in renunciation, which is what the ascetics believed in. They renounced with the Buddha to the forest. They gave up there existence. The Buddha did not want to pray to Brahman anymore, he wanted to break away from the priestly religion and become personal. manpower and women both did this. ain is being spiritual instead of Religious. The Buddha also incorporated Karma into Buddhism because its still the execute needed for rebirth. He couldnt c hange that. He did turn his back on the caste system though as it was seen as a social class factor and not needed for the religion, as everyone was equal for him. The economic developments destabilised the Brahminical order. Prince Siddhartha still believed in the ideas of rebirth and the cycle of life, but came up with a way of escaping the circle.

Variables The Internet Users and Democracy Score Research Paper

Variables The Internet Users and Democracy Score - Research Paper ExampleThis research paper examines that In near of the third world countries, the development process has not been fully conceptualized. Slums are on the extreme end of capital cities and people survive on slight than a dollar a day. The rate of internet consumption is still not high and democracy is in its primary stages. Information is only special(a) to a few number of people and the rest, the low-income earners, are subjected to doctored information that is useless. Opinion leaders are left with the mandate of spreading this information, a role with which they discharge with zeal and zest in propagating lies. The rules and regulations that govern internet consumption have been tightened to ensure minimal or no criticism is directed to the regimen. Again, it all depends with the Government of the day. From the above theoretical argument, its imperative to note that certain factors ought to be put into consider ation. These factors include internet connectivity and ignorance from the target group of people. This group of people may not be willing to use the internet like in the third world countries mostly in Africa, the level of ignorance is very high. This theory seeks to gain a footing in the long run on the principal independent variable which forms an analysis the relationship between democracy and the independent variables. The resolution of this will form a multivariate linear regression model to establish the exact number in terms of variance democratization crosswise nations can be accounted for by the internet.

Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Marketing Communication - Essay ExampleSince the JJB leisure clubs are being launched, therefore, to educate the public comparatively luxuriant print and video recording advertising would have to be carried out. The purpose of the advertising would be to inform and persuade prospective clients to invest in the services of JJB.TV commercials a volt minute commercial highlighting all the services and concluding on JJB will soon be serving members in Ireland. To economize, in the initial stages, however one international ad will be made that would be run in Ireland as well as UK.TV Documentary This detailed 15 minute documentary would include everything from the history and formation of JJB to what it is currently and what future plans they have. This documentary proposed to be aired in Ireland onward the launch of the event in Derry. Likewise, this documentary to be aired on significant channels in the UK before the launch of any more clubs in UK.Print publicize One print ad sh owing multiple views of the variant club services, containing the unique selling proposition, the positioning statement and the logo to be developed and released before the launches or before any new services are announced.Direct Mail Brochures to be designed carrying in depth detail on the various services being offered by the club and sent in direct mail to the respective clients. Data collected from the JJB outlets walk in customers by victorious their contact details.In view of the expansion pressures, the JJBs health and fitness clubs have identified Ireland (Derry) as a potential market for opening outlets. JJB ability be a highly recognized sports retail brand in UK but in Ireland, it would have to create its brand awareness.This would serve dual purposes of getting publicity in UK as well as Ireland since it is one of the most high profile events. JJB will reinforce its sports orientation as well as create awareness for

Criminology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminology - Term Paper ExampleThe paper, on the basis of the germane(predicate) researches conducted on the similar topics, views unemployment, poverty and inequality as the basic reasons behind utmost homicide rate in the island. Domestic violence, lack of tolerance, class discrimination and ethno-racial detestation can also be stated the imperative reasons behind homicide in the region. The study has been conducted in the light of Marxist and Freudian perspectives, which consider class differences and informal arousal respectively as the major factors behind committing of different crimes. The paper has also made suggestions for the quick and permanent eradication of homicide from the island. Homicide in Puerto Rico content Pages Abstract 3 Statement of the Problem 3 Legal Nature of Homicide 4-5 Homicide Subcategories 6-8 Homicide Statistics 8-9 Puerto Rico and Selected Metropolitan Areas Homicide Comparison 9-10 Homicide Contributing Factors 10-11 Recommendations 11 Referen ces 12 Abstract still in 2003, the national crime statistics of Puerto Rico declare homicide as one of the most dominant causes of unnatural deaths in the country. An overwhelming majority of offenders belongs to young males from 25 to 35 years of age in this Caribbean island. Consequently, the country finds the involvement of its youth in killing of the citizens in cold blood. Hence, the statistics alarm the growth of social evils identical poverty, unemployment and unequal distribution of wealth and resources in the country, encouraging the desperate youth to adopt the path of destruction and turmoil for the fulfillment of their desires on the one hand, and to name revenge of social injustices and deprivations from their social establishment on the other. Statement of the Problem The researches reveal the very fact that Puerto Rico Island has turned out to be the dupe of homicide in the pattern of the mainland USA, as the violence and crime rate witnessed an upward trend from l ate 1990s onward. Although the crime rate in the region was lesser than that of New York and Florida even in the initial years of the new millennium, yet the same appears to be touching the dangerous point putting the social, cultural and economical activities into grave jeopardy. The present study aims to present a comparative examination of the upsurge of homicide in the region and New York by exploring the factors paving the steering towards the high rate of homicide criminal activity in this unincorporated territory of the USA in order to address the actual problem on the one hand, and fleck with the growing violence in the territory on the other. The Legal Nature of Homicide The nonion homicide is aptly applied by the social scientists and theorists to identify the illegal finish of individuals. Homicides are those assaults intended to be fatal regardless of outcome plus those assaults that were fatal regardless of intent. (Daly & Wilson, 1988 pp. 13-14) Since homicide is a vast concept in its nature and scope, it encompasses all type of illegal and extra judicial murder, killing and manslaughter at large. Hence, the term homicide is regarded as the most nefarious offence against the very foundations of law and society, as it not only deprives a human of his life, but also leaves the family, friends and companions of the murdered in a perturbing and tormenting state of affairs subsequently. Thus, homicide and the practitioners of the same are paving the way to

Criminal Conduct and Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Criminal Conduct and Criminal Law - Essay ExampleThe love of mens rea is important because it separates those crimes that were committed willfully, and those acts that were accidental. The willful element shows that the person desired the outcome and should be responsible, or the outcome so desired. The lack of the willful element may mean that the outcome was desired and was not veritable(a) planned for. It is only fair not to punish someone for an act they did by mistake, and they did not even desire the outcome.However, at times, the law has to go a step further and see whether the outcome was foreseeable, or if the person performing the act was so neglectful in acting that he could not even consider the occurrence of the act. If a person pulls a trigger of a loaded gun to concord whether the gun is working, he will be responsible for the murder or injury that is occasioned if the bullet hits somebody. It is only fair that people be held criminally likely for criminal acts t hat occur due to negligence on their part even if they did not have the requisite mens rea. From the above analysis, it is noted that there is no overstep answer on whether a person is criminally liable or not considering the lack of mens rea. Each case is to be in light of the prevail circumstances (Herring, 2013).Legislative freedom is electric resistance that is accorded to legislators in parliament in the process of passing laws. Legislative immunity applies to actions that the legislators may do, or words give tongue to in the process of formulating legislation. Legislative immunity is important because it accords the legislators protection from being sued for libel arising out of words spoken in Parliament. However, it is to be noted that this immunity is not absolute and can be removed by the courts on application by an interested party. The parliament can also remove the immunity through amending the law, although this will not act retrogressively. Legislative immunity is meant to ensure freedom of speech during

Information Needs by Position, Function and Role Essay

Information Needs by Position, Function and Role - Essay ExampleCertainly, having an appropriate establishmental model in place is a precondition for long stint success (Pugh, 1990). This is because of its ability to identify and address the innumer adequate business and human realities of the corporation in question. An organization is a three layer system where at the bottom the organizations material flows (activities of the first kind). Decision makers, managers of the organization are at the top. The shopping centre layer acquires selective education from the bottom, processes it and presents it to the decision makers. Decisions made in the top layer influence the bottom layer activities. For organization mangers to make qualitative decisions, they need to receive qualitative information on time (Pugh, 1990). This will result in the delivery of decisions to the bottom layer on time. Qualitative realization is attained if these information flow procedures are ensured by the m iddle layer. The two fundamental requirements of an organizational structure include division of labor into distinct tasks and coordination of that labor. This is such that the workers are able to accomplish the companys goals. ... It may choose to cluster these utilities together under the department of marketing. Bigger establishments may organize so much of these undertakings that they set apart sales into a department different than the other functions (Pugh, 1990). Hence, qualitative information is required on the customers needs as well as the companys performance in the market. The company should have information on how to establish market niche. The other information needed is the need for adversary intelligence. The company should be equipped with strategies to beat the competitor. Roles Once a corporation has proven how functions are convened, then functions must be allocated to the muckle who have the cleverness to perform them. Many establishments make roles to execu te these functions. Companies should have information on ranks with crease explanations that will assist employees to know the range, function and parameters of their roles. This will create a system of accountability and reliability between all the people working in an organization (Pugh, 1990). In corporations big enough to have several people in a branch, roles aid in making sure that each person is taking care of central functions without replication or desertion of tasks. For instance, in a finance division, they might have a controller, accounts payroll person and an accounts collections person. All these people form part of a crew with an inclusive job to manage the firms cash flows. However, every one of them has a set of duties that boost efficiency and ensure the assiduousness of the team. Information needs associated with organizational roles include information on training programs and motivation strategies for the employees. There is a need for

Operational Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Operational Management - Research Paper ExampleFor this purpose, there are a number of statistical methods that idler be employed that provide a means of measuring how controlled a process is.A new material, super fictile, has recently been employed as the material used in production. With the introduction of this new material, it is important to have a measure on its consistency in producing quality products. Particularly, spots in the earn of uneven edges, cracks, scratches, air bubbles, and thickness variations are analyzed to reveal any problems with the new process. Tables 1 and 2 present the number of defects for the new material, super plastic, as well as the standard material.Since only raw defect data are available, the c-chart would be the best statistical tool to aid in the analysis of the new process. Since we are interested in identifying the reliability of the new manufacturing process, we take all the defects in a day as one figure. taking the mean of this, the up per control limit (UCL) and the lower control limit (LCL) may be determined using the following formulas.The two charts show that the derive defects for both materials are within the computed limits. For the standard material, the number of defects fluctuates around the mean, but there is no apparent trend and there appears to be nothing distrustful with regards to the defect rate. For the new material, however, there appears to be a slightly increasing trend in the daily defect values. During the earlier days, the values were generally below the mean, and in the later days, the values have become generally greater than the mean. This suggests the possibility of the defect count exceeding the limit in the future. This may be due to the equipment used on the new material, or it could be because of the new material itself.It therefore becomes necessary to construct individual control charts for each defect type to attempt to isolate the problem to a particular process. Calculating the means of each defect type, the upper and lower control limits presented in Tables 3 and 4 may be obtained.Table 3. The Upper and Lower Control Limits for the Standard

The nurse as a professional (mental health) Essay - 1

The nurse as a concernal (mental wellness) - Essay ExampleMental health nursing is a profession that focuses on providing treatment, caring, and strong support to patients who are experiencing severe mental, emotional, and psychological problems. In relation back to mental health nursing, this report will focus on discussing the subprogram and responsibilities of mental health nurses who are taking economic aid of a mentally ill patient who could no longer decide for his own preferred care and treatment. In line with this, important factors that could guide the mental health nurses improve the quality of caring they deliver to their patients will be identified and tackled in relation to nursing ethics. Based on the gathered information, a list of recommendations together with the rationale behind each of the recommended solutions will be nominated at the end of this report. routine and Responsibilities of Mental Health Nurses In general, the role and responsibilities of mental health nurses is very broad. ... gic ways on how a mental health nurse could deliver an potent patient care treatment will be tackled based on the nurses role as a therapist and counsellor, educator, assessor, reflector, manager, supervisor, researcher, and a clinician. therapist and Counsellor Even though a mentally ill patient could no longer decide for his own preferred care and treatment, mental health nurses should always have in mind that the patient at this point can be very sensitive and emotional. Although the patient is not capable of communicating his preferred care and treatment, mental health nurses should still treat the patient with respect. To prevent the patient from experiencing high levels of anxiety and depression, mental health nurses should act as therapist and counsellor in order to give them a sense of hope and a reason to live (ONeill, Moore, & Ryan, 2008). At this point, the patient may be limited in expressing his thoughts and feelings verbally but it is still possible for the patient to hear what the nurse is trying to communicate to them. Therefore, taking time to communicate with the patients could light upon the nurse develop a long-term nurse-patient relationship. In general, having a competitive social skills is required to enable mental health nurses established a strong working relationship with patient. To establish a therapeutic relationship with the patients, mental health nurses should first establish and develop trust with the patients (Forster, 2001, pp. 65 66). Right subsequently establishing the patients trust, mental health nurses should provide client-centered counselling each time this kind of caring intervention is necessary (Foster, 2001, p. 72). Since mental health nurses should provide holistic caring to the patients who are mentally ill, nurses

Book Critique on The Geography of Genocide Essay

Book Critique on The Geography of Genocide - Essay ExampleIn his mass, Allan D. Cooper also focuses and provides due emphasis on a unique perspective of genocide, that was never researched before. In this book, he explains the reason of genocides occurring mostly from territorial interiors and never originating from any urban cosmopolitan hub or centers.This precious book has been published by the United Press of America. The book is re in ally a treasure of knowledge and the systematic representation of facts and research materials which Allan tried to portray makes it all the more interesting. The book is divided into six chapters and two appendices, which step by step, puts forward the thesis of the author presented in the book. The six chapters are very trigonal in terms of content. Chapter 1 deals exclusively with the meaning and understanding of the term genocide and it is named as Defining Genocide. The chapter defines genocide both in its amicable as well as political pers pective. Here, author reminds us about the contention put forward by Raphael Lemkin regarding the term genocide. Chapter 2 is named as Constructing Difference and it focuses on the issue that is very much relevant to the entire topic of discussion. This chapter explains whether there is any certainty about the constructions of fond identity and analyzes whether this social identity truly lead to genocide in reality or not. At the last segment of this chapter, Allan explains how the concept of creating others plays a vital role in committing genocide and how the imagined communities make genocide unavoidable. In this chapter, the author also pits forward another vital point that the process of creating other does not solely direct upon the structures of religion, nationality, and race or on ethnicity. What is more serious or the constant thread running down all

Finance and Accounting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Finance and Accounting - Term Paper ExampleSwissChoc SA (owned by a family friend) is prep atomic number 18d to give him easy lay rights to sell their products in the USA for a ten twelvemonth period in return for an upfront payment. The distributor is an independent selling agent who has a contract to sell the products of a manufacturer. The distributor cannot represent him- or herself as the producer but may display the producers trade name in signage and in the sales situation (US Legal, 2012). Since the information provided is not adequate, we have to make certain reasonable assumptions while working out the statements required in this respect. However, the lack of expand in these areas is not materially going to affect the reliability of the statements. The assumptions made in this connection have been stated in the report to enable the substance abuser to bring in additional details, if it is felt necessary to have a more detailed report on the project. There is uncertainty i n the legal injury front as the details given with regard to values at which the product could be sold are not specific. Instead George has given a charge range with minimum and maximum prices for the products to be groceryed. There are difficulties in predicting the correct prices due to interplay of the brands, price levels (cheap and costly with various price levels in between), market segments, mouthfuls and flavors. Therefore, sensitivity analysis has been undertaken to highlight impacts due to variations in price realization with justifications for adopting a particular method for working out the reasonable upfront tumble payable to the manufacturer supplier SwissChoc SA and the return on investment that could be expected from the business venture of George. Cash flow statement for the first year of operations In The Statement I, Cash flow statement for the first year of the operations of Mr. George, while considering various factors contributing to the cash flow, both in flow and out flow we have made certain assumptions after carefully considering various implications related to the business. Sale Price The sale price is considered at $ 135 per kilogram of the chocolate. This is the mean price as per the price range given by George adopted for the purpose of our calculations. The mean price is worked out as below. Highest price = $ 150 Lowest price = $ 120 Average price adopted for calculation = (Highest price + Lowest price)/2 or (150 + 120) / 2 = 135. The chocolates are consumed mostly by the college and school going students. If the tastes and flavors are acceptable to them pricing is not going to be a prohibiting factor in taking a buying decision by them. Since George is an experienced person with business school background along with his wife, his price estimates should be realistic. Moreover, the Swiss made chocolates are reputed for their taste and quality. Therefore, there will not be any resistance from the parents for their children eating these chocolates. The price comparison for this product would be very difficult as in the case of other fast moving consumer goods with different brands and varieties. The Georges internet business model by marketing completely through credit tease means that the people targeted are high end and sophisticated customers, where the quality and service are more important rather than the price. Therefore, adopting the average price, if not the highest price would be very reasonable. Capital account of George The amount shown under capital

Globalization, Outsourcing, Off-shoring, and Offshore Outsourcing Essay

Globalization, Outsourcing, Off-shoring, and Offshore Outsourcing Impact on Culture - Essay ExampleBy the first tenner of 2000, it had become widespread business sector practice to contract knowledge reliant work to countries such as India or the Philippines. Now, the number of certain jobs decreases in the linked States, but new positions and responsibilities are emerging. Along with risk comes opportunity.Next, we detail how globalization, outsourcing, off-shoring and offshore outsourcing have influenced contemporary culture. The dangers of losing important business skills and dependence upon remote suppliers looms large (Loebbecke, C., Huyskens, C., and Mitev, N.). group disintegration due to global divisions of labor is problematic. Off shoring has affected job opportunities for graduates of information systems programs. To fill these gaps, American students train to manage offshore operations which has required adaptations of IS curricula globally. Such programs focus on thi nking globally but acting locally - a set of independent interrelationships.Finally, we give the modern business person clues to solving the challenge of globalization, outsourcing, off-shoring, and offshore outsourcing.

Business law (Qatar) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business law (Qatar) - Essay ExampleQatar is regarded as one of those sloshed countries in the world along with greatest mounting economies in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It is worth mentioning that Qatar has introduced and developed trademark law for gaining help in conducting a phone line efficiently in varied interior(prenominal) regions (Government of the State of Qatar, 2015). correspond to Qatar law, infringement is deemed to be regarded as one of the crucial issues. Thus, to prevent infringement in Qatar, domestic companies can register their trademarks according to industrial design governing the trademark, which came into effect after the year 2002. Companies are ought to commercially register for trademark law to tug qualified for the respective services. Besides, any company in Qatar can use this trademark registration for ten years (WIPO, 2006). The various forms of trademark can be clearly understood from the following tabular representationAccording to Qatar Trademark Law no. 3/1978, the Qatari official regulates the defense of trade as well as industrial marks. There lay certain specific processes or steps for registering the trademark for any company in Qatar (Government of the State of Qatar, 2015). According to the article 9 to 12, the processes of registering trademark have been discussed in detail below.Under the trademark law in Qatar, an owner of trademark can resort to civil remedies, if any case of infringement made by third party. Then, only the owner can forward this process along with filing a pillow slip before the court of civil jurisdiction (Simmons & Simmons, 2013).The respective government of Qatar is protrudening to adopt an effecting law to combat phishing as well as cyber-squatting, but this plan of the government is still waiting for the approval of higher authority of ministry. In relation to this consequence, cases related to online transactions as

Assessing Usability Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessing Usability - Case Study ExampleAccording to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the proceeds of websites and web pages increase exponentially every(prenominal) month. The figure shows the increase in websites over the years. Such an increasing number of websites creates a daunting need for it to be equipped with usable tools and efficient navigational capabilities. Some factors are stated below that enhance the usability of a website. A tag-line should be inserted in the website to portray the primary(prenominal) purpose of the product/company/service. This will help the drug exploiter to understand the objective of the website in a quicker manner. Ensure that navigation is kept flaccid for the users. Remember that the main page is not the only entry page, therefore, ensure proper relationship exists with the entire architecture of the website. Correct labeling is done on every page to guide the user about his location. Usability guidelines are claim ed to be developed by many sources around the world. However, recognized organizations should be responsible for the formulation of such guidelines for example put links for these sites. These guidelines should be considered as standards and should be followed by developers and designers to provide their users with efficient navigation and easy access to information. Following such guidelines makes the users visit a pleasant one and stops him from leaving the site for another. Usability can be measured by qualitative as rise as quantitative measuresQuantitative measures involve the determination of the pace with which the tasks are performed and how many errors are made during that time.Qualitative measures denote the level of satisfaction that the user has after the usage of the respective tools.

Elie Wiesel,Night (1958) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elie Wiesel,Night (1958) - Essay ExampleReligiously he tends to ask God why all these diversities befell him. Mentally, Ellie watched his father analyse and was separated from all the female members of his family. Upon looking at the mirror, Elies eyes revealed a person that was transformed into a broken person. From his inception at the tent he was a young, religious and loving boy, but when he left the camp he was totally broken. It is from this point that his view on the world had changed completely.In order to have an insight of how Elies views of the world changed, two significant aspects will be looked at, that is, religion and mental/emotional aspects. To start with Elie states that Never shall I forget the moments that murdered both my God and soul and turned all my dreams to dust (p.32). This description of Elie regarding his religion is as a result of the difficulties he and the Jews go about in the camp. Elies faith undergoes a crisis because of how he watched his own f ather and others undergo a torturers death as well as the deplorable spiritedness conditions he was subjected to. It is at this point that Elie underwent a major change as he tried to reconcile all the difficulties he and others were facing together with the beliefs he had been taught about God. He does not deny God, but he chooses not to remain silence regarding why God left all these difficulties face them. Elie so changes his perception that God is merciful and just and he comes to a conclusion that he will not just sit there and wait for his death. From the theme of his experience, Elie was a religious person, but in this new world all the aspects and teaching of religion became meaningless for he had lost his faith.With regards to mental/emotional aspect, Elie also tends to change his view of the world considerably. He thought of the things that he would never do and the circumstances that have made him to be repulsive in this context. For instance, Elie states I gave him s ome of my

Chapter 8-9 SA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 8-9 SA - Assignment ExampleThis self assessment test 2 is used to evaluate the atmosphere for creativity. The evaluation is meant to single out various situations in an organization that encourage the employees to be more creative in work. The flyer of the environment for creativity shows the level of support the management and organization gives the employees for inventiveness and innovation. The test value of cumulative numbers is then comp atomic number 18d to the values of the continuum. A continuum is provided at the end of the assessment test with numbers indicating different values that indicate the level of support offered. A high score indicates that the organization is very substantiative of the employees creativity and innovation.Therefore, our organization has an average support for employees creativity and innovation. These exercises help the students to relate their work surroundings to the ideas in ways that other people can throw from the experience they ha ve (Lussier & Achua, 2010).This self assessment test 3 is used to evaluate the personal traits and teams that can affect the team work of an soulfulness. The first genius profile reviewed can be I enjoy being part of a team and working with others more than working alone. The scales given to this profile could be 1 to 7, with 7 illustrating strongly harmoniseing to the profile while 1 illustrating strongly disagreeing to the personality profile. The second profile reviewed is, I enjoy accomplishing team goals more than individual accomplishments, given scales from 1 to 7. 7 will illustrate strongly agreeing to this statement while 1 illustrates strongly disagreeing to the same statement. From these two statements, we can deduce that the stronger you agree with them the higher the probability of being a good team player. On the other hand, lower scores do not exactly mean that you are not a good team player. The Big Five personality dimensions and their related motive needs can in fluence your team

Speech - The Meaning of Life Essay Example for Free

Speech The Meaning of Life EssayIs human life just a dream, from which we never really awake, as some great thinkers consider? Are we submerged by our feelings, by our loves and hates, by our ideas of good, bad, beautiful, and awful? Are we incapable of knowing beyond those ideas and feelings? Is the reality we know a reality impose to us by nature? Are the reality and the meaning of life a creation of men, such as music, or love or colorise?When I consider the short duration of my life, swallowed up in the eternity that lies before and after it, when I consider the little space I consider and I see, engulfed in the infinite immensity of spaces of which I am unaware, I rest frightened, and astonished, for t present is no reason why I should be here rather than there. Who has put me here? By whose order and direction have this place and time have been ascribed to me? Love gives meaning to our populates as do friendship, or art or faith in God.These are factors of true happ iness, of inner peace, of feelings of harmony, allowing meaning to our existence. But there is the other side. There is the cruelty of life, the pain, the evil, not to call on the carpet of death. When the Tsimtsum sank, not only was Pi shoved face to face with the unknown, but he also lost his family, the core of his human context. Instead, he had to try to survive. Life of Pi is a story about struggling to survive through seemingly insurmountable odds. Throughout the novel, characters are seeking the meaning of life.Pi abandons his lifelong vegetarianism and have fish to sustain himself. Orange Juice, the peaceful orangutan, fights ferociously against the hyena. Even the severely wounded zebra battles to stay alive his slow, painful struggle vividly illustrates the sheer personnel of his life force. As Martel makes clear in his novel, living creatures will often do extraordinary, unexpected, and sometimes heroic things to survive. However, they will also do shameful and barbar ian things if pressed. Exactly like humans.It is between these pendulums the positive, the one that gives happiness and meaning, and the negative that our lives are lived. And when we meditate about all that, we arrive at a diverse and disagreeing tempered of thoughts about the meaning and purpose of life. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your time and attention. I hope I have clarified the thoughts of some, to be aware of the vast world we live in and the astounding beings we truly are. Speak to others of your thoughts and knowledge I am sure they will be willing to listen.

Classification and Format in the Income Statement Essay Example for Free

Classification and Format in the Income Statement EssayInvestors unremarkably assess a firms value based on the firms expected future sustainable earnings stream. To inform analysts and former(a) financial statement users about sustainable earnings, firms often report income from recurring business activities separately from income effects from unusual or nonrecurring activities (such as asset impairments, restructuring, stop business segments, and unholy events). To provide more useful information for prediction, U.S. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) requires that the income statement include some or all of the side telegraph wire arms or categories depending on the nature of the firms income for a periodIncome from Continuing Operations. Reports the revenues and expenses of activities in which a firm anticipates an ongoing involvement. When a firm does non have items in the second and third categories of income in a particular year, all of its income items are related to continuing operations so it does not contain to use the continuing operations label. Firms report their expenses in various ways. Most firms in the United States report expenses by their function cost of goods sold for manufacturing, marketing expenses for marketing, administrative expenses for administrative management, and interest expense for financing. Other firms, particularly those in the European Community, tend to report expenses by their nature raw materials, compensation, advertising, and research and development.Income from stop Operations. A firm that intends to remain in a line of business but decides to sell or close down some portion of that line (such as closing a single plant or dropping a line of products) generally will report any income, gain, or neediness from such an action under continuing operations. On the other hand, if a firm decides to terminate its involvement in a line of business (such as selling or shuttering an entire division or subsidiary), it will report the income, gain, or loss in the second section of the income statement, labeled Income, Gains, and Losses from cease Operations.Extraordinary Gains and Losses. Extraordinary gains and losses arise from events that are (1) unusual given the nature of a firms activities, (2) nonrecurring, and (3) material in amount. Corporate annual reports rarely disclose such items. Many firms have reported restructuring charges and impairment losses in their income statements in recent years. Such items often reflect the destroy of assets or the recognition of liabilities arising from changes in economic conditions and corporate strategies.Because restructuring charges and impairment losses do not usually satisfy the criteria for lay off operations or extraordinary items, firms report them in the continuing operations section of the income statement. If the amounts are material, they appear on a separate line to distinguish them from recurring income items. Income, gains, and losses from discontinued operations and extraordinary gains and losses appear in the income statement net of any income tax effects. The majority of published income statements include only the first section because discontinued operations and extraordinary gains and losses occur infrequently.

Employer Associations & Modern Awards Essay Example for Free

Employer Associations Modern Awards EssayThere have been substantial changes to modern awards over the old age that employer associations have historically and are currently advocating. In this regard, issues such as penalisation rates and flexibility stemming from employer association submissions have been researched and examined by (Sheldon Thornthwaite 2013) portraying present that employer associations relatively prefer cost teddy and enhanced managerial exemption as oppose to productivity. Entailed within this essay the key concepts such as penalisation rates, managerial prerogative, flexibility and productivity will be questioned with particular focus the modern award reviews combined with an overview of Sheldon and Thornthwaites argument in summary and concurrence. gibe to (Boxall Purcell, 2011) management goals are predominantly associated with cost efficiency, controllable flexibility, legitimacy and managerial power. It is these goals that evidently become the concern of relevant employer associations, as such they take on the role of combining, allocating and utilising resources in range to achieve organisational objectives. There have however been significant changes over the years regarding employer association involvement particularly seen over the lam of the 1980s. Employer associations aim to influence and negotiate with the Government of the day as well as tribunals in an effort to ensure that the mutual concerns of organisations are being met. (Sheldon Thornthwaite, 2013) discuss key system issues with regard to employer associations mainly focusing on restricting unions right of entry, penalty rates and other provisions incorporating aspects of essential and procedural rules.Modern Award reviews primarily began in 2012, it is during this time that leading associations took the opportunity to not only push for more workable provisions exactly also to campaign for more substantial changes within various awards. Employer as sociations accounted for a large number of submissions to the tribunal on a broad range of issued in particular penalty rates, public holidays and flexibility. In the technical sense, penalty rates are a form of tangible benefit within the financial background which generally refers to those payments made to workers outside normal working hours. Regulator motivations for including penalty rates in modern awards as stated by (Sloane, 2014) are ternary firstly, to compensate workers for work performed during what was historically known as unsociable hours and secondly, to dissuade employers from operating within those hours.However,as advocated by (Sheldon Thornthwaite, 2013) the modern award reviews have provided a forum for employers and their associations to escalate their campaign to the significance of penalty rates in industries operating during the traditionally unsociable hours, which is evidence that employer associations prefer to enhance managerial prerogative over produ ctivity which is predominantly concerned with the cost of resources. The push for the examination of provisions regarding penalty rates has mostly been seen to affect the tourism and retail industries. flexibility is made up of numerous components however, within in the context of the workplace involves thinking creatively about how working lives can be better incorporate to match individual and business needs (Job Access, 2012). Following the review of penalty rate provisions, amendments to the flexibility clause were sought after with particular attention give to the manufacturing industry.Greater flexibility was requested in the taking and cashing out of annual leave in a further attempt to enhance cost cutting initiatives through control measures which ultimately leads to the underlying concept of elevated managerial prerogative. Managerial prerogative may be defined as managements unqualified authority to exercise its discretion in certain areas under the belief that they ha ve exclusive rights to make decisions and therefore resist any contraceptive device with that control (Storey, 1983). Sheldon Thornthwaite make reference to managerial prerogative in the defensive context through aggressive industrial action which has historically been used as a means of strengthening managerial prerogative.The 2011 Qantas lockout serves as one of the most significant demonstrations of managerial prerogative through the organisations decision to engage in a lockout. As part of a wider push to entrench managerial prerogative employers were also seen to be engaging in aggressive bargaining strategies in order to escalate disputes with the intention of gaining access to arbitration which has an adverse affect on productivity. (Stewart, 2005) promotes the fact that there needs to be greater emphasis on productivity which forges greater efficiency and high trust work systems founded on flexible and fair employment. Productivity is the economic factor stemming from the adequate use of resources productivity is basically the measure of achievement through the amount of output that is achieved as result of the input predominantly referring to land, labour and capital as the key resources.Between penalty rates and productivity there is no association they are separated by the contexts of which they are defined. (AI Group, 2012) identify key problem areas within the Fair imprint Act Review and state that it is hampering productivity growth, workplace flexibility and warringness thus meaning that penalty rates do not influence productivity levels. (Sheldon Thornthwaite, 2013) do make it apparent that employer associations main concerns do in fact favour cost cutting and managerial prerogative quite an than focusing on the importance of productivity enhancement. (Sheldon Thornthwaite, 2013) further explored critiques from employer associations whose predominant concern was based on the fact that managerial prerogative was reduced through the chan ge magnitude weakness of employer freedom to contract. (DEEWR, 2012)Released a report referring to more productive and equitable workplaces which disappointed employer associations thus further confirming productivity enhancement to be of no concern. It is clearly demonstrated that employer associations main concerns were that of cost cutting and managerial prerogative it is however, the amalgamation of all the relevant key concepts discussed that essentially equip organisations with a competitive advantage. The core concepts behind the submissions made by employer associations clearly obscure the importance of larger issues which further represents that employer associations prioritise the ease of managements working lives over that of the worker.BibliographyAustralian attention (AI) Group (2012), Applications to Vary a Modern Award 2012 Review, Stephen Smith, Director National Workplace Relations. Boxall, P and Purcell, J (2011), The Goals of Human option Management, Strategy and Human Resource Management, 3rd Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp. 1-36. Department of Employment, Education and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) (2012), Towards More Productive and Equitable Workplaces An Evaluation of the Fair Work Legislation, Australian Government. Job Access, tractability in the Workplace, Australian Government, Accessed 1st May 2014 Sheldon, P and Thornthwaite, L. (2013), Employer and Employer Association Matters in 2012, Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 55 No. 3, pp. 386-402. Sloane, J (2014), Pay Penalty Rates, just now not Through Awards System,The Australian. Stewart, A (2005), A Simple Plan for Workplace Regulation, Industrial Law News, Issue 7. Storey, J (1983). Managerial Prerogative and the Question of Control, Routledge Kegan capital of Minnesota Publishing, London.

Generics Medicines Regulation Comparison

Generics Medicines Regulation ComparisonChapter 1Executive SummaryThis look for lead touch sensation at the betrothal of generic wine wine wine wine wine wine wine wine medicates in specific 3 countries in atomic number 63 (The Netherlands, Poland and Portugal). These three countries suck up a signifi senst difference in bankers acceptance the reasons for this adoption difference erect be explained by several patterns which be implemented by these countries. In previous research it is proven that politys pee-pee a direct effect on the adoption however, this research will have a closer look which decrees in specific are important to stimulate generic medicines in the food market place. Results bespeak that too much regulation around the entry of generic medicines in the market will lead to slow growth adoption in the market compared to countries which adopt less regulation. Recommendations to stimulate the generic medicines in the market will be presented i n the last chapter.The problem place settingA lot of research has been with with(p) on the interpolation of generic medicines. Examples include the obstacles to generic substitution in Sweden (Anderesson et al. 2005) and the utilization of generic medicines and the implications for the pharmaceutical market (King Kanavos, 2002).However, there is limited cross countrified research examining the similitudeship between the implementation of regulation, the effects of in centives given to pharmacies and physicians and consecutive adoption of generic medicines.The available research is limited to one of these elements, there has non been made a direct consideration between these elements which influence the adoption of generic medicines.In 1995 the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA) offers a EU- dewy-eyed authorization demonstrate which re fixed the ongoing single authorization process of each country separately, this representation that regulation is harmonized regar ding the entry of generic medicines The EMEA will esteem the generic entry of a medicine before it tin rouse be presented on the European pharmaceutical market. This centralized procedure has decreased the grace detainments for generic medicines in the EU resulting in the item that patent regulation and approval procedures for medicines no longer have a large effect on the maturation of generics (Danzon, et al. 2003).National regulation still has an impact concerning expenditure and reimbursement approval which has to be authorized by national authorities. Moreover, it is examined that generics have had to a greater extent success in countries with more(prenominal) flexible determine policies (Garattini Tediosi, 2000) and previous research has shown that the prescription of generic medicines is dependent on the incentives given to pharmacist, and otherwise parties (Hellerstein, 1998).However, with recent reforms in the national regulation outlines crosswise European co untries, flexible generic pricing policies and incentives given by the national presidential terms are no longer the main determinants of successful entry of generics on the market. compulsory generic substitution systems and other regulations implemented by European governments have be cum at dominant factor in explaining the adoption of generic medicines as a consequence that incentives for physicians, pharmacists and patient have decreased due to the obligatory system (Timonen, et al. 2009).This thesis gives an overview of the relation between the adoption of generic medicines and the regulation in three European countries The Netherlands, Portugal and Poland. These countries are chosen beca manipulation they have different implementations in regulation concerning generics and the adoption rate in these countries differs significantly. Recommendations for European countries and a conclusion some the most effective method to accession the use of generic medicines in relation with regulation will be exposed.The problem statementThe differences among three countries (The Netherlands, Portugal and Poland), concerning the adoption of generic medicines in relation with regulation and influencing incentives in these European countries.The motive to present these specific three countries is resulting from the fact that the adoption take of generic medicines differs significantly. because a clear image can be provided between the differences of adoption connected with the serial regulation adopted in that country concerning generic medicines symbiotic variable adoption of generic medicinesIndependent variable 1 regulation of generics medicinesResearch QuestionsResearch question 1What are the differences in regulation somewhat the use of generic medicines among the Netherlands, Portugal Poland?Research question 2What is the fictitious character of these regulations on the adoption of generics?RelevanceThe thesis should give European countries and in partic ular mankind policy makers, a clear image on the effects incentives can have concerning the adoption of generic when prescribing these medicines, and which type of regulation is the most effective for the increase in adoption of generics.Managerial perspectiveThe prescription of generic medicines is intensively regulated. This results in many implications for pharmaceutical companies especi all(prenominal)y, concerning the implementation of generic medicines in the market. Considering, the fact that the regulation of the prescription of generic medicines has a direct effect on the use of generic medicines. on that pointfore the adoption level for generic medicines is samely to change when the regulation changes.Pricing strategies for pharmaceutical companies have a diminishing effect due to the strict pricing regulation implemented by existence policy makers.stigmatisation strategies are too complicated to implement in the pharmaceutical industry because of the many regulations adopted. However, daubing strategies are precise important they can strengthen the vex between the buyer and the seller (Blackett Robins, 2001).Pharmaceutical companies have to make important decisivenesss regarding the implementation of the generic medicines in the market. They should be aware of all regulation to be able to compete in the pharmaceutical industry.Academic perspectiveCountry-specific results have been presented in several papers how regulation influences the use and adoption of generic medicines. However, a cross-country research on the effects of regulations implemented, in relation to the adoption of generic medicines. More specifically, the effects of incentives, given by policy makers, to pharmaceutical companies and the accompanying marketing strategies implemented by pharmaceutical companies, have not been examined earlier.Overview of the Rest of the ChaptersChapter 2This chapter gives an overview on the question What are the differences in adoption of ge neric medicines between the Netherlands, Portugal and Poland?These three countries will be investigated grapplefully previous literature studies will give a clear image roughly the actual adoption of generic medicines in these countries.Background information will be presented to understand the structure of the chosen countries and the differences in adoption.Chapter 3Data will be gathered to come to an answer to the research question 1 What are the differences in regulation about the use of generic medicines among the Netherlands, Portugal Poland?Chapter 4Chapter four will explain the eccentric of regulation on the adoption rate of generic medicines (research question 2).Chapter5Public policy makers are in general in favour of increasing the use of generic medicines, because of the market advantages. Chapter 5 will give an overview of the most effective policy which is used among the three countries presented earlier in the thesis.Further recommendation to the man policy maker s and limitations of the research will be dealt with in this chapter. A conclusion of this research will be presented.Chapter 2 differences in adoption of generic medicinesThis chapter will give an answer to the differences concerning the adoption of generic medicines between the Netherlands, PortugalandPoland.The level of generic medicine adoption differs significantly across Europe. This chapter will have a look at these differences and the resulting factors that have lead to these differences in adoption.Other implications such as different policy regulations and incentives given to pharmacist by the policy makers will be dealt with in chapter 3. They will be dealt whit in a separate chapter because they are dominant factors in the adoption of generic medicines.A distinction can be made between mature generic markets and developing generic markets (Simoens, 2009). The level of adoption of generic medicines in these countries differs from less than 10 per cent to more than 40 per cent. The share value in the market for generic medicines is 8.8 per cent for the Portugal, 19.8 per cent in the Netherlands and Poland ranks the top with 65.2 per cent (A Review on the European, n.d.).Comparing these personas with other European countries, Portugal falls in the spurn range of adoption and Poland is situated in the upper range of the adoption level of generic medicines in their market.According to Simoens and Coster, (2006), Poland and the Netherlands are seen as mature generic markets in Europe, while Portugal is seen as a developing market.There are several factors (historical background and cultural elements), which have influenced the adoption rate of generic medicines in these countries. Clarifications of these elements are stated below.Historical backgroundAn explanation for the differences in adoption of generic medicines can partially be explained by the historical differences between the Netherlands, Portugal and Poland.In Western Europe, pricing and reim bursement policies naturally developed as an evolutionary economic process. However, this was not the fact for Central and Eastern Europe states (CEE) which are without delay members of the EU. These CEE countries used to have a socialistic type of economy, and after the fall of the Berlin wall (1989) many of those countries confront political and economic bankruptcy. Large-scale reform was necessary in every single sector to guarantee their economical and political well being. The health burster system was also a part of this sector and even today, ongoing reforms are taking place. There is still a lot that has to be done in the CEE countries, specifically within the health care system. Hospital decentralization, modernization and privatization and pricing and reimbursement policies are some examples of areas where further development is preferred (Kazakov, 2007).These necessary reforms and changes are also applicable to Poland. The Netherlands and Portugal do not suffer from t hese reforms, due to fact of not having a communistic history.Another implication of this socialist history is the fact that Poland was already used to adopt generic medicines, as brand medicines were not available in these countries due the absence of product patents until early 1990s (Simoens de Coster, 2006). pagan elementsCultural sensitivity is one of the most widely accepted principles among public health (Resnicow, et all. 2000). According to Resnicow (2000), cultural sensitivity indicates The extent to which ethnic/cultural characteristics, experiences, norms, values, behavioural patterns, and beliefs of a target population as well as relevant historical, environmental, and social forces are incorporated in the design, delivery, and evaluation of targeted health promotion materials and programs (page 272).The relation between the pharmacist and the pharmaceutical representative can have a huge impact on the prescription of medicines and therefore on the adoption of generic medicines.Historical developments in Poland have take a shitd a positive attitude towards prescribing generic medicines, as prescribing generic medicines has been a common practice in Poland until the early 1990s. In the Netherlands, on the other hand, generic substitution is more driven by the pharmacist (Simoens de Coster, 2006).On average a pharmaceutical company will elapse twice as much on marketing to the pharmacist and the public than on research and development (Zipkin, et all. 2005).A more detailed view about the adoption rate of generic medicines concerned the three countries (the Netherlands, Poland and Portugal) are presented belowThe NetherlandsThe Dutch generic market has grown rapidly over sequence public expenditure has increased from 185 million euro in 1994, resulting in a market share value of 8.5 per cent. In 2004 the market share has increased to 17.7 per cent this means that the value has almost doubled. The market share increased also dramatically from 19. 9 per cent in 1994 to 44.3 percent in 2004 (Simoens de Coster, 2006). Results from an EGA survey conducted in 2007 show that the market share of generic medicines has increased to more than 50 per cent (see figure 2 and 3 in appendix B).PolandDue to historical implications mentioned before, Poland has a very mature generic market. In 2006 the market shares of Poland were 60 per cent by value and close to 80 per cent by volume (see figure 2 and 3 in appendix B).PortugalIn the 1990s the generic medicines adoption in Portugal did not exceed more than 1 per cent. An introduction in the generic policy in the year 2000 caused for an increase in market share of 8 per cent measured until 2004. An explanation of the generic policy will be provided in chapter 3 (Simoens de Coster, 2006).Recent results from an EGA survey implemented in 2007 show that the market share has slightly increased to almost 10 per cent (see figure 2 and 3 in appendix B).Chapter 3 differences in regulation about the use of generic medicinesWhat are the differences in regulation about the use of generic medicines among the Netherlands, Portugal Poland?There are several domains in regulation which will eventually influence the structure of the market and determine how the pharmaceutical companies can work on most effectively in this pharmaceutical market. This thesis presents the most important domains where regulations are implemented market authorisation, pricing, incentives, and marketing implications.Market authorisationIn Europe, the process regarding market authorisation is very complex. Market access for generic medicines may differ from country to country this holds there is little transparency regarding the entry of generic medicines in Europe.A pharmaceutical company may receive market authorisation to enter the market in a specific country. However, other regulations regarding the reimbursement and worth of the generic product still need to be determined by the government. This mean s the process, concerning the entry of the generic medicine, can be delayed up to three times (A Review on the European Generic Pharmaceutical Market in 2005, n.d.).The EU directive was introduced to create a better system regarding the entry of generic medicines in Europe. There is a transparency directive, 89/105/EEC, which specifies that there is a 90 day limit regarding the reimbursement and pricing decision. However, the time delays vary from country to country (Garattini Tediosi, 2000).The table below (A Review on the European Generic Pharmaceutical Market in 2005, n.d.) gives an overview of the times delays per country for price approval to enter the market.With respect to the countries in this thesis, the table above (A Review on the European Generic Pharmaceutical Market in 2005, n.d.). shows the followingPoland does not have a time delay because the pricing and reimbursement approvals are granted together with the market authorisation of the generic medicines.In the Neth erlands, we can see a delay of between 10 and 15 days which could be defined as a relatively efficient time to approval compared to other countries in Europe.Portugal is very inefficient with the entry of the generic medicines, the status of pricing and reimbursement will only be given after a 90-day delay (A Review on the European, n.d.).PricingPrice regulations are only applicable when the generic medicines will be reimbursed. The most effective regulation is a price ensnareion on the maximum reimbursement of that specific medicine or a maximum price that pharmaceutical companies may charge the medicine users (Danzon Keuffel, 2007).Most European countries, including the countries in this study, have introduced a filename extension price system. A compose price system entails that there are regulations which will restrict the reimbursement level of generic medicines, but that the price of the generic medicines itself will be uncontrolled. Under the reference price system, group s are clustered into certain reimbursement level, based each on the same compound or different compounds but with the same mode of action or with a similar name.All products that are placed in the same group are reimbursed at the same price per daily dose, which is also called the reference price. In general, the reference price in a group will be set at the level of the cheapest medicine or the median in that group. If pharmaceutical manufacturers price their product above the reference price, the user of the generic medicines needs to pay the outstanding amount above the reference price.There are two different pricing systems in Europe a generic free pricing system and a generic price-regulated system. Both systems determine the degree of adoption of generic medicines. In a generic free pricing system companies can decide on the height of the price of a new generic medicine introduced in the market themselves, in contrary to a price regulated system (Simoens, 2010).The reference pricing system has three levels of implementation, the higher the level of the system is, the more the prices are regulated.Poland has a low reference pricing system, the Netherlands could be defined as a medium reference pricing system and Portugal uses a high reference pricing system.As presented in the table below (Bongers Carradinha, 2009), one can see which European countries fall in a regulated price system and have no free pricing system.Consumer implicationsThe patients themselves (the demand side) play an important role in the prescription of generic medicines. Physicians and pharmacists and other contributing parties will rank generic medicines to reduce the costs for the payer, which is in this case the consumer of the medicine.Patient co-paymentPricing and reimbursement systems play a role for the patient. The patient will contribute to the financing of the health care system, in particular with the co-payment arrangement. This is a common practice in all European coun tries (with the exception of Malta), but the implementation of co-payment differs significantly across countries. Nevertheless, in all countries that employ a co-payment arrangement a financial contribution is made by the medicine user. Patient co-payment arrangements can strongly influence the end decision of the patient on which medicines to take (A Review on the European Generic Pharmaceutical Market in 2005, n.d.). The reimbursement of generic medicines is taken care of through an insurance model however the co-payment arrangement is based on a percentage of the cost of the medicine (Kazakov, 2007).Pricing regulation related to the countries in the thesisThe Netherlands uses an enforcing pricing regulation, which sets a maximum for the pricing of medicines. In 1996, this system was implemented. In general, it led to a decrease of 15 per cent of the average medicine price in the market (Simoens de Coster, 2006).However, the prices of generic medicines in the Netherlands still te nded to be higher compared to other EU countries. Mediation in short-term pricing strategies such as implementing similar pricing systems, have increased and stimulated the share in the markets for generic medicines, where competition already existed (Bongers Carradinha, 2009).Polish medicine prices tend to be lower compared to other EU countries. They work with a price regulated system for generic medicines. The pharmaceutical companies want to be absorbed in the reimbursement list for medicines. The reference price in Poland is set just below or just above the cheapest generic medicines in the Polish market (Simoens, 2009).Pharmaceutical companies may price their product above the reference price, taking into account that as a result they will not be placed on the reimbursement list (Kazakov, 2007).Portugal open up a regulation which says that the minimum price difference of generic medicines and brand medicines should be a least 35 per cent in 2001. In 2005 Portugal hold to re duce the overall medicine prices by 6 per cent. Of that 6 per cent 4.17 per cent had to be reduced by the pharmaceutical company and the other 1.93 per cent had to be reduced by the wholesalers and pharmacists. The reference price system was introduced in 2003 where the reference price was set at the level of the most expensive generic medicine (Simoens de Coster, 2006).Despite the fact Portugal has a developed market, the market share concerning generic medicines is still relatively low compared to other countries in Europe. Regardless, of the fact that companies producing generic medicines provide affordable treatments to patients, other savings can only be achieved if government supply side policy initiatives are designed to increase the competitiveness of generic medicines in the market (Bongers Carradinha, 2009).IncentivesTo establish a generic medicine market, the supply side (pricing system) needs to be supplemented by demand side policies which create incentives for physi cians, pharmacists, and patients to use generic medicines (Simoens de Coster, 2006).The NetherlandsInstruments to promote generic medicines have been in place for a long time and have been widely accepted in the Netherlands (Vogler Schmickl, 2010).Incentives for physiciansThe Dutch government has stimulated physicians to visit generic medicines, which is supported by an electronic prescription system. In the Netherlands it is customary to develop and implement guidelines and treatment protocols on how to inflict generic medicines in order to efficiently increase the adoption of generic medicines. An important feature is that there are no sanctions for physicians who do not prescribe generic medicines (Simoens de Coster, 2006).Incentives for pharmacistsGeneric substitution is allowed for the pharmacist when the physician and the patient agree with it, however, it could be indicated by the physician that generic substitution is not permitted due to health reasons. This means that when a branded drugs patent has expired pharmacists are allowed to distribute a generic substitution unless indicated otherwise by the physician. Health insurers have also agreed upon several targets for the pharmacist in distributing generic medicines (Simoens de Coster, 2006). Generic substitution has been connected to financial incentives for the pharmacist for a long time, however these incentives have been abolished since 2004. Nevertheless, the adoption in the market of generic substitution has not decreased (Vogler Schmickl, 2010).Incentives for the patientsIn the Netherlands the patients do not have a financial incentive to buy generic medicines because there are no patient co-payments arrangements. Nevertheless, patients do have to pay the outstanding amount when the price of the medicines is above the reference price, which is set by the government (Simoens de Coster, 2006).PolandIncentives for physiciansPhysicians are not intensively encouraged to prescribe generic me dicines. Due to the historical background physicians are already accustomed with the use and prescription of generic medicines (Simoens de Coster, 2006).Incentives for pharmacistGeneric substitution is allowed by pharmacists whenever a branded drug is cocksure a pharmacist may replace this by a generic substitution. Pharmacists are obliged to inform the patients about the generic substitution. Price reductions implemented by pharmaceutical companies encourage pharmacists to prescribe generic medicines (Simoens, 2009).Incentives for the patientThere are four levels of reimbursement for the patient.The first level includes a fixed amount per prescription which will be reimbursed when these are essential medicines. The second and third level populate of supplementary medicines which will be charged to the patient through the co-patient system. The patients have to pay 30 to 50 per cent themselves. The fourth level holds that other prescribed medicines which are not on the reimbursem ent list will be fully paid by the medicine user (the patient). However, initiatives to inform the patients about generic medicines have not been presented (Simoens de Coster, 2006).PortugalIncentives for physiciansIn 2002, a regulation was implemented in Portugal which formulated that from that moment on physicians would be obliged to prescribe a generic medicine if possible. However, physicians and pharmacists are free to add brand medicines to prescriptions that include more than one medicine, of which at least one is generic. The physicians are to inform the patient about other generic medicines and the accompanying price differences. Even though guidelines are available, the system has not been fully implemented. An explanation for this is that the physicians and the pharmacists are neither being rewarded for prescribing, nor being penalize when not prescribing generic medicines (Simoens de Coster, 2006).Incentives for pharmacistsPhysicians can indicate whether they permit g eneric substitution on the prescription form. In the cases that generic substitution is allowed by the physician, the pharmacists have to prescribe the cheapest generic medicines available. Pharmacists do not have any financial incentive to prescribe generic medicines as the generic margins for pharmacists have been dramatically low since the introduction of the regulation in 2005 (the overall reduction of generic medicines prices) (Simoens de Coster, 2006).Incentives for patientsPortugal has 5 different levels of reimbursement.In the first level 100 per cent of the medicine will be reimbursed when they are classified as life saving. The second level holds that 95 per cent of the medicines will be reimbursed, the third level holds 70 per cent, the fourth level 40 per cent, and the fifth level holds a percentage of 20 per cent.Patients with a low income will receive a 15 per cent additional earnings on the stated reimbursement level.Until 2005, patients were rewarded with a 10 per cent additional reimbursement when they asked for a generic substitution. However, with the abolishment of the reward system of 10 per cent, the patient will now only receive a price reduction of 6 per cent for the use of generic medicines. The patient does not have an incentive but sort of a discouraging effect to use generic medicines. Nevertheless, pro-generic campaigns have been introduced by the government since 2006 the effects of these campaigns are not yet clear (Simoens de Coster, 2006).Previous research shows that the patient co-payment arrangement in Poland and Portugal plays a visible role in stimulating the use and adoption for generic medicines (Simoens de Coster, 2006). For an overall overview of the regulation implemented across these three countries a table is presented below.Marketing implicationsA generic medicine should appear under the international non-proprietary name (INN). This entails, that a generic medicine should be marketed without a commercial brand name but in fact, three categories there can be distinguished branded generics (copies of generic medicines with their own brand name), semi-branded generics (products marketed under the INN following the name of the manufacturer of the medicines) and medicines marketed under INN (Garattini Tediosi, 2000).The EU directive 65/65/EEC was established, to approve marketing of a drug.An allowance for introducing a generic medicine and expound these medicines should be supported by several data available of the generic medicines (for example clinical data.)There are a lot of restrictions concerning advertisements and promotion activities of pharmaceutical products. These are presented by the The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (2004) .Together with price regulation, advertising plays an important role in the pharmaceutical market. In general patients are uninformed about the most effective and available treatments, they depend on the diagnosis and treatment s oupcon from the physician. Since the physician will prescribe the medicine it can be stated that they will directly affect the extent of competition between different treatments and medicines available. so it not remarkable that the physician is the target of huge advertisement campaigns and that detailing in the pharmaceutical industry is mainly focused on physicians (Knigbauer, 2006).The volume of detailing in the pharmaceutical market depends on several factors such as the prevalence of the disease, the amount of competition for the medicine, the number of physicians who might prescribe the generic medicines, and like any other product in a market, taking into account the product life cycle of the product (Berndt, et al 2007).Chapter 4What is the role of these regulations on the adoption of generics?Market authorisationApproval of generic medicinesThe success of a gene