Royal Library Of Alexandria History Essay

olympian Library Of Alexandria History EssayThe Alexandria Library was the largest and close complete library of antiquity and certainly the superior before the invention of printing. Only fragments and minor comments in ancient authorities be extant in current cartridge holders. However, the history of the Alexandria Library Library remains of fundamental importance in the intellectual history of the classical world as it is thought to contain the best-kept collection of classical literature.1With the help of historians and theorists as intimately as texts and historiographies, it is possible to retrace the founding, patronage, and operations of the Library relate estimates nearly(predicate) number of scrolls housed in the Library and examine legends of its ultimate demise. The purpose of this essay is to review and synthe size of it the current knowledge of this approximately famous Library and reconsider its place in classical intellectual history.Alexandria, Egypt Cros sroads of CultureScholars at the Center of Hellenic Studies at Kings College, London, view Alexandria of Ptolemaic Egypt as a urban center that was multi-cultural from its beginnings and a focal point for international trade and cultural development.2Situated between Africa and Europe, the see place of all races and creeds, Alexandria was the center of learning in the ancient world. It was a city of Greeks, Macedonians, Egyptians and Jews with the latter group making up about a troika of the population. During the height of its power, Alexandria was said to get hold of most abundant and helpful resources and be a nursing m early(a) to men of every nation.3The Creation and Patronage of the Royal Library of the PtolemiesAfter the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, his empire was divided into three parts with the Ptolemies dominating Egypt. Under the rule of the Ptolemies, Alexandria housed a Greco-Macedonian lawcourt ruling an Egyptian kingdom. Green explains that the Ptol emaic dynasty ran Egypt as a private estate and at a profit which supported scholarship, mercenaries, exhibitions, etc.The Museum and its library played a fundamental role in nearifying the rule of the Macedonian-Greek dynasty over Egypt.4The Library and its community of scholars flourished during the Hellenistic era of the Ptolemies. It has been thought to survive by dint of the Roman Empire, merely this decision is a source of debate among scholars.Historian John Marlowe describes how the Library at Alexandria emerged during the period roughly contemporary with Platos Academy, Aristotles lyceum, Zenos Stoa and the school of Epicurus. Aristotles school in Athens, the Lyceum, had a enshrine of the Muses and a library and promoted a universal c at a timept of studies.5The Ptolemies envisioned Alexandria as a meeting place where scholars of the earth should extend the scientific horizons of man, suggestive of the Lyceum itself. Based on research from historian Edward Parsons, th e foundation of the Museum-Library is attributed to Ptolemy Soter and/or his son Ptolemy II. The foundation and continuing support of the Museum and Library owed a lot to the pioneering work that Aristotle, and, to a lesser extent, Platos Academy, had already undertaken.6The Alexandria Museum ( synagogue of the Muses) was a gathering of scholars from all over the world. A Museum (Mouseion) was a shrine or center dedicated to the Muses and often associated with literary studies. The Muses been connected with thinkers and philosophers at least as early as the time of Pythagoras. correspond to Green, by the time of Aristotle a Museum embodied the features of an intellectual community including cult center, residence buildings, harsh meals, library holdings and research, and surrounding cloisters and garden. Timon of Philus, lampoonist, wrote of Ptolemys Alexandrian think tank In the polyglot land of Egypt many now find pasturage as endowed scribblers, infinitely quarreling in the M uses bird cage.For the first three generations of Ptolemies, at least, relations with the Alexandrians were good. This, then, was the atmosphere in which Ptolemaic scholars, poets, and scientists operated.7History of the Royal Library OperationsInformation about how the library was run is subject to speculation. According to Parsons, scholars do non have a great deal of information about where and how the papyrus scrolls were stored the dimensions of the collections what role the other library, the Serapeum library, had in Alexandrian cultural life. Even the information about the demise of the library refers to a space of six centuries, from the age of Caesar to the age of the prophet Muhammad.8It is presumable the first Ptolemies acquired and stored papyrus scrolls in the Museum. In order to manage this huge and increasing collection of texts, scholars devised a way to classify and order them according to dissimilar criteria, the most significant evidence for which is represent ed by the work of Callimachus of Cyrene, who was a leading figure not only in the history of the library of Alexandria, but also in the tradition of Greek scholarship.Historian Roger Bagnall has described that despite volumes of scholarship, some(prenominal) the historical evidence and archaeological remnant of the Library and Museum at Alexandria ar rather scantThe disparity between, on the one hand, the grandeur and importance ofthis library, both in its reality in antiquity and in its image both ancientand modern, and, on the other, our nearly total ignorance about it, hasbeen unbearable. No one, least of all modern scholars, has been able toaccept our lack of knowledge about a phenomenon that embodies so manyhuman aspirations. In consequence, a whole literature of wishful thinkinghas grown up, in which scholars redden, I fear, the most rigorous havecast aside the time-tested methods that normally constrain credulity, inorder to be able to avoid confessing defeat.9The posit ion of Demetrius (ca. 384-348) of Phaleron is more secure, as he was a prominent figure in the foundation of the Museum and Library. Aristeas, writing 100 long time after the librarys inception, records that Ptolemy I handed assigned Demetrius the job of gathering books and scrolls, as well as letting him supervise a massive effort to translate other cultures works into Greek.10Demetrius recommended that Ptolemy gather materials on ruling in the style of Platos philosopher-kings. An estimated 30-50 scholars were probably permanently housed at the Museum, funded by the empurpled family, and later by public money.11Demetrius had been a pupil of Aristotle and Theophrastos at Aristotles Lyceum. The practice of getting the best scholars or poets to ready the crown prince was something that Ptolemy had had occasion to observe in Macedonia, where the young Alexander had been taught by Aristotle himself. It became a common practice for the Librarian also to serve as royal tutor Apolloniu s and Aristarchus certainly did so.Parsons describes Demetrius as an orator and philosopher who dyed his hair blond and rouged his cheeks and anointed his person with Eastern salves. He ruled Athens for ten twelvemonths with moderation and without disaster is an achievement. His critical judgments of ancient texts were much admired.12Green describes the responsibility that Demetrius had to the Library which included a strong sense that the literary heritage of old and classical Greece was in danger of being lost through indifference and neglect.13Looking at the subsequent history of the transmission of texts, the fear seems well justified.According to Green, the scholars who staffed the Library saw their mission as the rescue of past Greek literature, and set themselves to obtain copies of every known work. Royal purchasers combed the book marts of the Aegean and Asia Minor, the best of which were located in Athens and Rhodes. It was inevitable that numerous forgeries began to circ ulate. With such an influx of material, the Librarians first study task was to organize accessions and cataloging.14In about 25 BCE Vitruvius writes about how Aristophanes of Byzantium earned the job of librarian after memorizing most of the Librarys contents15.Parsons describes how the Ptolemies and their agents ransacked the Hellenic, Mediterranean and Asian cities for literary manuscripts and records. At the port of Alexandria, vessels were searched and books that were found were confiscated with copies make for their rightful owners.16These rolls, known as the salvaged material, were not (says Galen) delivered directly to the Library, but consigned in the first instance to warehouses, where they were stored in heaps a description.17Based on sources from Ellis, Ptolemy collar wrote a letter to all the worlds sovereigns asking to borrow their books.18Legend has it that when Athens lent Ptolemy the texts of Euripides, Aeschylus, and Sophocles, he had them copied, returned the cop ies, and kept the originals. Another of the Librarians responsibilities was the establishment of sound texts purged of scribal errors made during the process of transmission.19The librarians were reputed to include some of the great figures of ancient scholarship. Bevan refers to the first recorded librarian in Alexandria as Zenodotus of Ephesus, holding that post until 245 B.C.E. His successor Callimachus of Cyrene, may have been Alexandrias most famous librarian, created a subject catalog in 120,000 scrolls of the Librarys holdings.20The Greek alphabet with less than thirty symbols was learned by almost everyone. An improvement took place in handwriting and developed a more elegant, flowing script, which made both for easier copying and quicker, and more comfortable reading.21According to Marlowe, librarian Eratosthenes (275-194 B.C.E) amassed a catalog of 44 constellations complete with background myths, as well as a list of 475 fixed stars. Eratosthenes, drawing on Egyptian and Near Eastern observations, deduced the length of the year to 365 1/4 days and was the first to suggest the idea of adding a leap day every four-spot years.22The last recorded librarian was Aristarchus of Samothrace, the astronomer, who took up the position in 180 B.C.E. during dynastic struggles between deuce Ptolemies. From that time onward no librarians are mentioned by name in any historical record.Marlowe maintains that the Museum excelled at producing great geometers by assembling the geometric principles of earlier Greek mathematicians, and had access to Babylonian and Egyptian knowledge of geometry.23Archimedes was one of the early Alexandria scholars to apply theories of communicate to mechanical devices. Among his discoveries were the lever and as an extension of the same principle the Archimedes screw, a hand-cranked device for lifting water.24In the blurb ascorbic acid C.E., Galen drew upon Alexandrias vast researches and his own investigations to stack up fifteen bo oks on anatomy and the art of medicine.25Herophilus, both collected and compiled the Hippocratic corpus at Alexandria. There has been some conflict about the fate of Aristotles books, once thought to be at the core of the collection, may have been carried off to Rome by Sulla26.Size and Scale of the Library at AlexandriaAlexandrian scholars were provided with a library containing a huge collection of papyrus scrolls and entrusted them to explore every field of human knowledge. The Library may have been reserved for scholars of the Museum just as many modern research libraries are closed to people not affiliated to a scientific or academic institution.In concomitant to the great Library, located in the Bruchion district of Alexandria, there was a smaller library, called a sister or daughter library that still existed at the time of Caesar and was situated inside the temple of Serapis.27The manuscripts gathered by Demetrius and his successors were bundles of writings forming high pi les in the Museum warehouse. Mixed rolls must have contained many duplicates. Parsons reports that there were 532,800 rolls, of which 132,800 angiotensin-converting enzyme rolls were considered premier finds. The sister library may have contained 42,800 rolls, probably copies of the writings shelved in the bigger library. The brittle and frail paper of Egypt was fragile media indeed on which to confide the precious knowledge and wisdom of the ages. They were subject to damage by fire, water, rodents, and worms.28Johnson describes the physical stacks which consisted of pigeonholes or racks for the scrolls, some of which were wrapped in linen or leather jackets. From Roman times manuscripts were written in codex (book) form, and were often stored in wooden chests called armaria.29According to Bevan, Callimachus cataloged 400,000 mixed scrolls of multiple chapters and 90,000 unmixed scrolls.30Bagnall has studied the size of the Alexandrian library, and he concludes that either more t han ninety percent of classical authors are not even quoted in the surviving Greek literature, or that the Ptolemies acquired a dozen copies of everything, or some combination of these un credibly hypotheses.31Seneca quotes Livy that over the 40,000 volumes were housed in grain depots near the Alexandria harbor, which were supposedly incinerated when Julius Caesar torched the fleet of Cleopatras brother and rival monarch.32However, Hannam indicates this would likely be the number of papyrus scrolls and many of these were needed to make up an entire book. He believes that Senecas figure of 40,000 is more reasonable and still makes the Royal Library much larger than any of the later classical or medieval libraries.33Using Gellius as a source, the figure reaches 700,000 books. It is clear that ancient figures vary by all-encompassing margins.34The higher numbers have been accepted by many modern scholars, in spite of the fact that lacking modern inventory systems, ancient librarians, even if they cared to, scarcely had the time or means to count their collections.35How the Royal Library was destroyedIn 48 BCE, Caesar was pursuing Pompey into Egypt when he was cut off by an Egyptian fleet at Alexandria. Outnumbered and in enemy territory, Caesar ordered the ships in the harbor to be set on fire. The fire spread and burned round off part of the city where the great Library stood. The earliest account of the destruction of the Library in The Civil Wars by Julius Caesar who states he had to set the fleet in the harbor on fire for his own safety and that some ports arsenals also went up in flames. Plutarch, writing his Life of Caesar at the end of the first century CE, refers that the renowned library was burnt down by the fire Caesar.36Aulus Gellius, a second century author, included in his Attic Nights a brief going about libraries where the destruction of the Royal Library is mentioned as taking place by accident during the Romans first war against Alexandria w hen auxiliary soldiers started a fire.37In a later book The Alexandrine War 1, Caesar does not mention setting fire to Alexandria but does state that the city was made of stone and would not burn.38Some scholars argue that Alexandria burns as well as any city and perhaps Caesar was attempting to hide his actions.39Cicero is silent on a fire in Alexandria in his Philippics.40.The second story of the Librarys destruction is more popular, thanks primarily to Gibbons The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Theophilus was Patriarch of Alexandria from 385 to 412 CE. During his reign the Temple of Serapis was converted into a Christian Church, and it is likely that many documents were destroyed then. Legend has it that Hypatia, a fifth-century scholar and mathematician of Alexandria, was dragged from her chariot by a mob of monks who burned her upon the remnants of the old Library.41One of the most famous legends about the Great Library is that of it being burnt down on the instructions of the Caliph Omar after Alexandria had been captured by the Arabs. However, Edward Gibbon reports this is not true.42In 640 CE the Moslems took the city of Alexandria although this story is attributed to a Christian who spent a great deal of time writing about Moslem atrocities without much historical documentation.Unfortunately most of the writers from Plutarch (who apparently blamed Caesar) to Edward Gibbons (blamed Christians) to Bishop Gregory (who was particularly anti-Moslem, blamed Omar) may be biased. It is possible that the collection ebbed and flowed as some documents were destroyed and others were added. For instance, Mark Antony was supposed to have inclined Cleopatra over 200,000 scrolls for the Library long after Julius Caesar is accused of burning it.It is likely that even if the Museum was destroyed with the main library, the outlying daughter library at the Temple of Serapis continued on. Many writers seem to equate the Library of Alexandria with the Library of Se rapis although technically they were in two different parts of the city.43Historian Canfora is skeptical and her interpretation is that Plutarchs portrayal is an interpolation44. Hannam interprets Plutarch as merely reporting a list of slanders against Antony made others.45Hannam maintains that the Royal Library of Alexandria was not standing during the Christian era. It is his theory that a major(ip) library was founded at the Serapeum during its rebuilding in the second century CE and that this library became confused in the minds of various writers with the Royal Library of the Ptolemies that had disappeared over two centuries before. The Serapeum ceased to be when a Christian mob tore it down to the foundations under the leadership of the orthodox patriarch Theophilus after he had received word from the emperor moth Theodosius. The year this happened is generally fixed to AD391 and it is one of the best attested events in late antiquity. The Serapeum library was probably founde d as an adornment to the new Roman temple. Although there are no details as to its size, it would have been quite large enough to be confused with the earlier Royal Library.46The Library is often portrayed as the repository of all ancient wisdom and that its loss meant that science would progress at a much slower pace. Hannam believes the truth of the matter is that the Library was an important institution in the history but that its destruction in the first century BCE did not spell the end of ancient scholarship. In fact, Alexandria remained the Mediterraneans intellectual bully for seven centuries afterwards due to the library in the Serapeum and patronage of Roman Emperors. Hannam goes on to explain that in the final analysis, the Arab invasion ended the story of the Alexandria library. A that point, the cultural inheritance from the ancient world would be preserved in Constantinople and Baghdad.47Historian Luciano Canfora explains that placing the Librarys disappearance in the first century B.C.E., as opposed to four centuries later or even later at the end of the seventh century, necessarily alters our perception of the quality of the Greek literature that has come down to us. Canfora recounts the major theories the catastrophe is blamed either on Julius Caesar (48/47 B.C.E.) or on the fanaticism of the Arabs who conquered Alexandria in 642 A.D. Canfora supports the latter theory because the flow translations from Greek flowing through Egypt came to a halt at the end of the seventh century.Roger Bagnalls theory is that the disappearance of the Library is the result of the end of the impetus and interest that brought it into being and of the lack of the variety show of sustained management and maintenance that would have seen it through successive transitions in the physical media by means of which the texts could have been transmitted. The library of Alexandria began to disappear when the community of scholars for which it had been created was garbled up or when, as Bagnall says, the generative impetus of the first centuries ended.ConclusionsRepeatedly rebuilt, modified, and burned, the few facts that can be determined about the Librarys long history guide its semi-legendary status. Delia has underlined the literary and romantic character of these traditions, which are not more reliable, from a historical point of view, than the novel.48The central place of the Alexandrian library in western sandwich cultural memory derives from a combination of several factors the foundation project the connection between the library and the Museum the capability of the Alexandrian library to generate knowledge, and not only to accumulate it its destruction, a symbol of countless similar tragedies. Each of these elements concerns the present and future of our civilization, no less than its ancient roots.

The Importance Of Developing Entrepreneurial Skills Commerce Essay

The Importance Of Developing Entrepreneurial Skills Commerce EssayThe importance of the development of entrepreneurial acquisitions by e truly graduate can non be over-emphasized because gone argon the days when employments were available ein truthwhere both in the private and public sector of the economy and employers go about manifestationing for potential employees to employ. so, in the past, it is the employers that go round universities in this country to hunt for potential employees. Then there were fewer universities and grim university enrolment. But today, things capture changed and actually drastic onlyy too such(prenominal) that many graduates argon now sellers of recharge cards and roughly shit as bus conductors. What an economical tragedy and waste The question of choice of subscriber line or employer is gradually being eroded each year. Many graduates are desperate to get any job to keep body and soul going. Indeed there is a paradigm shift in the labour mar ket now. Even the professional disciplines are now fast getting into that problem of unemployment.employ prospects for the youths are changing with a lot of change magnitude competition the openings are competently limited. Also, employment in the public sector is in like manner decreasing and job prospects are diminishing by the day. Added to this ugly situation are the increasing trend of job outsourcing, casualization of labour in the oil and gas industry and the increasing phenomenon of rightsizing of labour among big firms and corporations in the country. As a side effect, the figure of tertiary graduates who have not been able to secure the head start employment since outset for upward of five years is on the increase and even those with professional qualifications like MBA, ICAN, COREN, Medicine and Pharmacy are not spared from the ugly phenomenon. Others are paying(a) peanuts if they are lucky to secure paid job. Some now fall back on their lower qualifications like WA SC and OND to secure menial jobs.The recent economic meltdown as well as has do matters worse. Some companies are as a result operating below expected capacity. The current troubles in the financial sector, curiously the money and the capital markets and their subsequent effects on the economy, particularly on the real sector as well as the remedial efforts of the CBN are very visibly glaring, instructive and challenging.Nevertheless, entrepreneurship and indeed the need for developing the requisite entrepreneurial skills have been suggested to help redress the aforementioned problems by making people not only to be job creators simply wealth creators (Midea, 2004 Izedonmi, 2009). According to Small crease Service (2005), the possession of entrepreneurial skills to create raw knowledge found brotherly enterprises is vital to addressing mixer and environmental issues usefully. Our nation cannot afford to toy with it. Our tertiary institutions must respond fast and positive ly towards entrepreneurship education. However, world-wide line of credit skills and common knowledge are considered insufficient to turn graduates into entrepreneurs (Kisby, 2004). Hence, the need to develop specific entrepreneurship skills cannot be overemphasized .This is because entrepreneurship has been vital to creating employment and therefore a special form of employability (Moreland, 2004). two the government and the academia have been attracted to it. In particular, universities are re-designing their curricula and the ways they operate to create opportunities for the training of their students in practical entrepreneurial skills. Due to the way entrepreneurial programmes have assumed a global proliferation and dimension, it was suggested by Volkmann (2004) that it has become the major academic discipline for business education in the 21st century. I completely agree with him.Economic Growth And EntrepreneurshipRecent Survey Report in 2008 by the Kauffman Foundation i n connection with the relationship amid economic development and entrepreneurship found that all nations with laid-back level of employment activities had above average rate of economic offshoot. What this translates into is that entrepreneurial deficient economy will have low growth while entrepreneurially good economy tends to enjoy good growth. Hence, Government has come to recognize the importance of entrepreneurship in economic development that entrepreneurial acts have in-built capacity to promote employment and economic growth.Literature ReviewOne of the first courses specifically addressing entrepreneurship was established at the Harvard Business School in 1947.In the U.K, the first courses in entrepreneurship were put ined in the 1980s together with the UKs first initiative for enterprise in higher education (Elton, 1991, Kirby, 1989 2005, Volkmann, 2004). Along this line, Fry (1992) remarks that entrepreneurship has been one of the fastest evolution disciplines in t he U.S.A in the 1990s.By the turn of the 21st century, as many as 1600 universities in the North-America were offering courses in entrepreneurship compared to merely two dozens in the mid-seventies (Inegbenebor, 2005). The growth of entrepreneurship education and the subsequent inclusion into the curricula of universities in the United Kingdom has been attributed to the sheer need to serve the innovation need of businesses and to produce graduates with transferable skills for businesses.ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIAAccording to Ekanem (2005), the history and development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria started in the 1960s as supported also by some of the earlier studies such as Schatz and Edokpayi (1962), Harris (1969), Olakanpo (1968) and Akeredolu-Ale (1972). thitherfore, the pattern of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria is not new. Since the 1970s, several government agencies and institutions in the country have been engaged in different aspects of fostering entrepreneurship in Nigeria, though with temporary and varied successes. For case, the Centre for Management Development (CMD), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), former Nigeria Industrial Development Bank (NIDB), Nigerian Bank for Commerce and attention (NBCI), Nigeria Youth Service Corps (NYSC), among others had programmes for entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Other entrepreneurial development agencies agree on government sponsored Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP). NGOs, Nigerian Employers informative Association (NECA).The vigor with which it was pursued hence is a different issue for our assessment. If the proofs are available even the blind and deaf can feel it. only fools dont proof.What Does Entrepreneurship Really Entail?Basically, what entrepreneurship entails includesThe building of skills in negotiationBuilding leadership skillNew product developmentCreative and innovative thinking and scene to technological innovation, (Kuratko, 2003).It shows students an d graduates how to believe and behave entrepreneurially. It encourages them to get involved in net go bading, create and manage businesses of their own and facilitate progress and success in entrepreneurial career.Entrepreneurship could run into status and social needs and leads to self-satisfaction and actualization.It can also meet the financial needs for the entrepreneurs and their families. In fact, entrepreneurship is a satisfying answer even though it can be essayy and whitethorn even lead to loss of wealth at times (Fry, 1992). Society-wise, entrepreneurship has made substantial impacts throughout history because of legion(predicate) inventions, massive job creations made through small and medium scale enterprises (SMES) in both developed and developing countries.DEFINITIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPVarious definitions have been given for entrepreneurship. For instance Inegbenebor and Igbinomwanhia (2008) say that Entrepreneurship is the process of performing the roles of an en trepreneur. It has been define as the process of planning, operating and assuming the risk of a business venture. It may also be defined as the process of creating a clique value of pulling together a unique package of resources to exploit an opportunity. Entrepreneurship encompasses unhomogeneous activities which are carried out to chink the survival and growth of the businessInegbenebor (2006) defines it as it is about bearing the skills undeniable to assume the risk of establishing a business. It is about developing the winning strategies and executing them with all vigour, persistence and passion needed to win any gameEkanem (2005) Entrepreneurship is the process of or capacity for organizing, operating and assuming risk for a business venture. It is impulsive risk-taking, creative and growth oriented behavior which involves the use of various resources to create wealthEkwe (1992) observes that, Entrepreneurship involves theability to perceive profitable business opportunit ies.2. willingness to act on what is comprehend and3. necessary organizing skills associated with a projectsFry (1992) says that Entrepreneurship involves action rather than static events. It involves taking action necessary to analyze opportunities to launch and/or grow business, to finance the venture and possibly even to invest the venture.Izedonmi (2009) placed entrepreneurship in a continuum form with economic entrepreneurship at the end of the continuum and social entrepreneurship at the other end. In between these you will find some varying componentistics of combinations. The process is also dynamic.In summary, the central issues in entrepreneurship involve uncertainty and risk-taking, innovation, perception and change. For instance, Drucker (1985) posits that innovation is the specification tool of entrepreneurship. He argued further that the entrepreneurs must always change to respond to it, and exploit it as an opportunity.CHARACTERISTICS OF A DWINDLING ECONOMYThe tem peramentistics include superior unemployment rateHigh inflation rate piteous average real incomeLow saving ratio or high consumption ratioLow levels of technologyLow levels of productivityLow per capita income and downward trend of livingHigh poverty rate of a swelled proportion of the populationLow economic growth ratePoorly developed financial and stock marketsHigh level corruption and instability and insecurity of lives and propertyAlthough the above factors and many others can be observed in a dwindling economy, they also provide good basis for entrepreneurial development. In fact, of these factors listed above, some can act as either pull or push entrepreneurial factors. Very often they provide good windows of opportunities for entrepreneurial-minded individuals.ROLES OF ENTRENEURSHIP IN REVIVING A DWINDLING SOCIETYSome of the roles includeGenerating employmentIncreases productivity through innovationFacilitates the transfer/ adoption of technologyEnsures increase resource ut ilizationStimulates growth in the supply marketRenovates large scale enterprises and public enterprisesEncourages and sustains economic dynamism that enables an economy to adjust successfully in a rapidly changing global economy.Linkage effects of various sections of the economy is facilitatedGenerate income and wealth occur fasterEncourages training and developmentEnsures rapid developmentDevelops indigenous entrepreneurshipProvides a training ground for indigenous managers and semi-skilled workersReduces rural-urban migrationConstitutes a vital engine for economic growth development of a nation- increase GDPSkyrocketing of the emergence of SMES andPromotion of self-reliance and economic sustainabilityELEMENTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPEntrepreneurship may involve the hobby elementsIDEA GENERATION AND SCREENINGThis is actually the starting point of many new entrepreneurial ventures. Sources of ideas are many and varied. The sources notwithstanding, the would-be entrepreneur must develop the habit of documenting those ideas. It should be packaged in form of feasibility report, no matter what.STARTING A BUSINESSThis could involvea. Buying an alive businessb. Starting from the scratch or start-up businessc. Through Franchised. By InheritanceCREATIVITY AND INNOVATIONInnovation is the development and introduction of a new product, a new process, or a new military service to a market. Creativity is the link between pure imagination and the introduction of an innovative product, process or service.Both are necessary ingredients for entrepreneurship. However, creativity is behind innovation. Creativity alone, does not define entrepreneurship. Creativity without innovation does not produce results. And innovation without effective management does not produce marketable products, processes or services. Although creativity and innovation are necessary ingredients, they are not sufficient of themselves to establish successful entrepreneurship (Fry, 1992, Izedonmi, 2009). Th ere must be effective and efficient administrative structure on the ground and a healthy dose of management as well.3. SEEKING financeFinancing could either be debt or equity pay, traditional or venture, internal or external capital. The would-be venture must consider financing the venture. Availability, cost and timeliness must be balanced. Starting small attracts small capital input. However, not all entrepreneurial ventures require start-up capital or equal amount eitherCreative financing is a basic tenet of entrepreneurship.A growth-oriented venture uses nine-fold sources of financing. You must be prepared to make your person-to-person sacrifice in this respect. Too often, the banks will request to see your personal inputs in terms of financial fealty.Finance institutions only lend to ventures that have proven records, and history, and those ventures that are also promising economically.4. ASSUMING RISKEvery entrepreneur must assume one risk or the other. However, entrepren eurship is not necessarily risk-taking but risk-assuming.Corporate management deals in risk minimization, entrepreneurship deals in risk management.Corporate management too often generally tends to be risk-averse. They want to reduce risk to a minimum during production so as to be profitable. Entrepreneurship manages risk since it cannot be reduced significantly in entrepreneurial situations whether new or existing ventures.However, entrepreneurs are calculated risk-takers.Risk management involves the acknowledgement that risk exists and the actions that are taken to shift as much risk as possible to others and then control the remainder.Some risk Management ventures includeRenting rather than owning equipment and facilitiesUsing multiple sources of financing.Building an entrepreneurial team with distinctive skills.Undertaking multiple ventures simultaneously with varied degrees of risk.Committing a portion of the total resources to any one project.Assigning a team member the respon sibility of monitoring short-term action with the anticipation of cutting losses of early performance indicates unfavorable results.THE PULL AND PUSH ENTREPRENEURSHIP FACTORSThere are various factors (negative or positive) which tend to provide the needed want in getting into entrepreneurship or becoming an entrepreneur. While the negative factors are called push factors the positive factors are pull factors. Both factors provide the radical attraction either by necessity or by desire and opportunity into the entrepreneurial world.The push factors areUnemployment / loss of job.Dissatisfaction with pay and job situation. discrepancy and victimization by boss in work place.Middle-age crises.Divorce / widowhood.Relocation.The positive pull factors areDesire for independence.Desire for increase in wealth.Increased social status and prestige.Spouse support and motivation.Provision of market opportunity.Franchise.Provision of licenses by parent company.Favorable government policies etc .THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DECISIONThe entrepreneurial motivation to launch a venture has been grouped into three variables (Fry, 1992) asAntecedent variables.Triggering variables.Enabling variables.The antecedent factorsThey cause the individual to begin to consider the possibilities of entrepreneurship either consciously or unconsciously. This could take into consideration the variables listed belowCreativity.Background.Personality.Past experience.Education.Current job.Triggering factorsThese are the events or situations that specifically trigger the entrepreneurial act. They are salient life events may be quite personal , professional or for instance, financial changes in an entrepreneurs life that are perceived as very most-valuable to entrepreneurial decision may set off the alarm to take step .They involveLoss of JobInvention or IdeaOffer from partnerEntrepreneurial motivation or willingness to start a venture (M) = Antecedent Variables (A) X Triggering Variables (T).The enabling factorsThese factors make the actual launching of the venture possible. They include opportunity and resources which are very critical to the successful launch of the venture. The likelihood of a venture launch is made up of these three factors combined. Our youths look outside instead of looking inward. Those who look inward first tend to travel faster on the outside. Several entrepreneurial opportunities exist in the environment. They need to look well to discover some opportunities. Our youths must be ready to start small, learn the ropes and grow up. Hard work, patience and deep commitment are necessary.ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIESEntrepreneurship tends to be opportunity-driven rather than resource-driven. This is because that once opportunities are identified and properly evaluated resources are deployed to capture them. Opportunity creates or generates its kind of resources.There are thousands of opportunities available to would-be entrepreneurs who present high potential fo r wealth, growth, self-employment, independence, social status, and prestige. The would-be entrepreneur must conduct a thorough scanning and survey of the environment strategically. But if you do not have any promptly available opportunity, you can creatively and innovatively come up with one. However, some of the sources of these opportunities could include1).Self-discovery2).Improvement in the quality of existing product/ service.3). Use of an existing product/service in an untapped market4). Invention5). Consultancy6). Trade magazines, Journal and Business Newspapers7). Societal needs8). Survey of natural resources9). Government Agencies10) Research Institutes, Universities, e.t.c11) Spin-off12) take on experience13) Hobby and VocationENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO TRANSFORM CHALLENGES INTO OPPORTUNITIESGENERAL BUSINESS SKILLSEntrepreneurial skills of successful entrepreneurs includeSales and Marketing skillsFinancial Know-how skillsSelf-motivation skillTime management skil lAdministrative skillSales and marketing skillsTo get the right customers and subsequently make target revenues and profitsInclude parley skillsFinancial know-how skillsTo know how to handle money well. After all, not everybody can effectively manage money.Source and manage funds and cash flowsSelf-motivation skillsInternal venue of controlSelf-starter with a clear desired goal in mind government agency in yourself and in your ideasDiligent and hardworkingExtra drive and commitment to set goalsTime management skillsTime is moneyTime is lifeEntrepreneurship opportunity has time-limitTime management is very important for business successSelf-management is very critical for effective time managementTYPES OF BUSINESSES AND TIME MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESHave a time table, schedule of activities to be doneEmploy delegation freely without fearDetermine priorities into urgent and important activities as-Urgent activities demand immediate attention-Urgent but not important activities Not urgen t but important activities Not urgent not importantGive priority to (i) and (iii) because by performing them, time is reduced for activities (ii) and (iii)Manage meetings and relationship with othersAdministrative skillsOrganizing, coordinating, directing, planning and general management, etc.B). TECHNICAL, ANALYTICAL AND HUMAN RELATION SKILLSEntrepreneurs are expected ordinarily to be sound by training normally technically skilled. They must also develop and possess conceptual, analytical and human relation skills to be successful.Others are business planning, idea creation, negotiation, risk analysis and management skills etc.C). ICT SKILLSThey must also have computer and information Technology (CIT) skills because of the era we are and the environment they will have to operate.ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITY AND SKILLSS/NENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITYSKILLS AND ATTITUDES1.Business/consultancy in area of professional specialization or working as a contractorGeneral Business skills such as marketing, time management e.t.cConfidence enthusiasm, hardworking2.Sonet EntrepreneurshipIdea development, leadership, negotiation, planning, organizing, self belief, confidenceGeneral business skill3.IntrapreneurshipIdea development recognizing opportunities for improvementsAlliance building, confidence, leadership4.Non-traditional specialist businessGeneral BusinessIdea development, creativity, confidenceWillingness to work hard5.General Business VenturesIdeas development, creativity, confidence, willingness to work hardGeneral Business skillSource Andrea Developing Entrepreneurship skills in the linguistic context of higher education. DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLSThese could be throughAttending Entrepreneurial training classes, development programme, seminars, workshops, etc.UniversitiesJob rotationSpecial (intensive) training term ship or apprenticeshipOrganizational learningR D InstitutionConsultantsNational and international agencies and bodiesNGOsProfessional bo diesENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS FACTORSSuccessful entrepreneuring depends on four (4) major factors namelyKnowledgeHard workSkillsAttitude(character/ integrity)Lifematics Question Created by (Izedonmi, 2010)Now let us work out this lifematics question together. There are basically four (4) attributes or factors that can enhance our success in life viz Skills, Knowledge, Hard work and character (Attitude). They are all essential to ingredients of entrepreneurial success. How much does each contribute? Which of these is superior and why? For easy understanding, let us replace character with attitude.SolutionOur current roman alphabets are made up ofA B C D E F G H I J K L M1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26The alphabets together with their numerical values are stated above.Let us take each attribute one after the other and link up the corresponding numerical value. Start with skill, then knowledge follow this with hard work and fi nally character but remember to substitute attitude for character.Let us replace numeric value to each alphabet and see their results as indicated below(i)S K I L L S19 + 11 + 9 + 12 + 12 + 19 = 82%(ii)K N O W L E D G E11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96 %(iii)H A R D W O R K8 + 1 + 18 + 4 + 23 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 98 %(iv)A T T I T U D E1 + 20 + 20 + 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 + 5 = 100 %SolutionSkills secure only 82 %, Knowledge 96 %, hard work 98 % and Attitude 100 % in that order. Only Attitude which I equate to character for this purpose secures 100 % success in the race of high profile entrepreneurship.ConclusionI must admit that professional certification is good but character is a lot better. Character is the true indirect security of our values, learning and entrepreneurial success. It keeps the society and system going. It prevents a nation from decaying and checkmates unnecessary crisis and even civil war. Therefore in all our entrepreneurial pursuit, character development shou ld be given a prominent place.When character breaks down everything breaks down. True certification in life is only evidenced by character and not papers called certificates or entrepreneurial success alone or quantity of wealth.

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson :: Papers Shirley Jackson Lottery Essays

The Lottery by Shirley JacksonShirley Jacksons The Lottery portrays a small town in which the citizens gather for a yearly lottery. Unlike the regular lottery, this is not unmatchable you would want to win. Throughout The Lottery, Jackson focuses on families from the village in order to demonstrate the role of separation of sexual activitys. Gender is defined as the sexual identity of a person, especially in relation to society or culture. Gender divisions exist within the lodge in The Lottery and issues of gender help to explain the characters action and thoughts. During the lottery, everyone is equal and the society is genderless. Although the men draw as the head of the household, the women partake in the final rounds and the stoning of the victim. This is evident when Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands(200). This shows that even though women did not normally participate in town events, the lottery was an exception to the rule. You ng girls were also equal to young boys during this event. Both the girls and the boys stoned the victim along with the rest of the community, regardless of gender. This suggests that the lottery serves as a big(p) equalizer abolishing all forms of separation of gender. Despite this equality during the lottery, gender does drive this story. Division of labor is evidence that a separation of gender exists. Due to the circumstance that Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves are men in the village, they are given the opportunity to administer the lotter. By having this chance, they gain the ability to prove to the people in the community that men are the holders of the highest positions. In his making of the list, Mr. Summers imposes his power upon the community, by determining who will draw from the box first. Gender plays a role in the office of the lottery. The lottery is set up to show women that by producing more children, they will lessen their chances of being chosen. This is due to the fact that in larger families, the chance of one person being chosen is reduced significantly with each additional member of teh family. The opposite is true for small families. Because women are the producers of children, they are the main lead of the lottery. They are encouraged to produce more children, thereby taking upon even more responsibilities as a housewife.

Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death Essay

Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for remnantIn call for to Emily Dickinsons poem, Because I Could Not Stop for Death, Critic Eunice Glenn says In the first two lines Death, personified as a carriage driver, weakens for one who could not stop for him. The word kindly is particularly meaningful, for it instantly characterizes Death. This comes with surprise, too, since death is more often considered grim and terrible (Glenn). Critic Charles R. Anderson says, Death, usually rude, sudden, and impersonal, has been transformed into a kindly and well-heeled gentleman (Anderson). Both critics seem to agree on the significance of the word kindly in the first two lines of the poem. Because I could not stop for Death / He kindly stopped for me (1-2). They take the word kindly for its most common definitionsagreeable, pleasant, benevolent, etc. With further research, however, alternative, as well as more enlightening, definitions compel available. The Oxfor d English Dictionary defines kindly as In accordance with nature instinctively by natural disposition characteristically and In the way sufficient or appropriate to the nature of the thing properly, fittingly (Kindly). These definitions add new insight to the poem. In the superficial sense, Death seemingly performed a gracious act by stopping for the speaker in application of these less common definitions, however, Death stopping for the speaker was necessary and proper. It was following after the natural course of things. Rather than merely suggesting the Death was a charming, courteous carriage driver, the speaker implies that Death was obligated to stop for her she is unable to stop for him. It is inter... ...s of conducting mortals into eternity. JAIME SORENSEN, Brigham Young University, Idaho works CitedAnderson, Charles R. new-fashioned American Poetry. 1 Jan 2002. University of Illinois. 13 Sept. 2005 uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/dickinson/712.h tm.Dickinson, Emily. Because I Could Not Stop for Death. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Ed. Thomas H. Johnson. Cambridge Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1960.Engle, Patricia. Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop For Death. The Explicator 60(2002) 72-75.Glenn, Eunice. Modern American Poetry. 1 Jan 2002. University of Illinois. 13 Sept. 2005 /poets/a_f/dickinson/712.htm.Kennedy, X.J., Dana Gioia, and Mark Bauerlein. Handbook of Literary Terms. Chelmsford Courier Corp.,2005.Kindly. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.

Homeless Families in America :: Research Papers

Thesis StatementThis paper will examine a subgroup of the homeless person population, homeless families. It will search the multiple causes of family homelessness and the consequences homelessness has on family life. The three main reasons for the abundance of dispossessed families within America are the following 1) the lack of affordable housing, 2) low wages in the job-market, and 3) insufficient federal aid. In todays society, these causes are the main contributors towards the heartbreaking condition of family homelessness, which often leads to family breakups, health issues, and educational obstacles. This paper will besides give possible solutions to family homelessness and improvement plans for the future.Defining HomelessnessHome is where we start from.(T.S. Eliot)Home is the human point of ultimate return. (John Hollander)Although more or less people know what homelessness is and it occurs in most societies, it is important to define because the forces of displacement vary greatly, along with the arrangement and meaning of the resulting transient state. The Stewart B McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 defined a homeless person as an individual who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence or a person who resides in a shelter, welfare hotel, transitional program or place not ordinarily used as a regular sleeping accommodation, such as streets, cars, movie theaters, abandoned buildings, etc. Resent surveys conducted in the U.S. have confirmed that the homeless population in America is extremely diverse and includes representatives from all segments of society, including the old and young, men and women, single people and families, city dwellers and rude residents, whites and people of color, employed and unemployed, able workers and people with serious health problems. The diversity among people that are homeless reflects how difficult it is to generalize the causes of homelessness and the needs of homeless people. Rober t Rosenheck M.D., the writer of Special Populations of Homeless Americans, explains the importance of studying homelessness based on subgroups, each subgroup of homeless people has unique service needs and identifying these needs is critical for program supply and design. Despite these diversities, homelessness is a devastating situation for all that experience it. Not only have homeless people lost their dwelling, but they have alike lost their safety, privacy, control, and domestic comfort. Homeless FamiliesFamily homelessness is a fairly new social problem in America. Beginning in the early 1980s, families with children have become the immediate growing segment of the homeless population.

Layout Design :: essays research papers

Deciding LayoutsDeciding the layout is a very important step in Java GUI programming, just worry solving an algorithm in normal programming. Layout decides how the components like labels, buttons, text fields etc are going to be displayed on a frame or window. several(prenominal) GUI can be designed using single panel with a single simple layout. Some GUI compulsion to be low down into smaller panels which have to be added to an outer panel. Each smaller panel can have its own layout.The simplest layout is the flow layout. Flow layout produces output as a single row. So go for flow layout if you have only 3 or lesser components or if you desire all the components in a single row.Next is grid layout. As long as you can determine the rows and columns, you can use this layout. It is possible to use grid layout for most of the applications which you want to develop with a single panel. You can always use filler labels to occupy the empty spaces. So grid layout works fine in much(p renominal) cases.But if you want to have a very neat GUI with very good layout, you need to go for more than 1 panel. In that case, grid, flow, and redact are all used together.The development of a GUI depends on the type of problem. There are 2 types of GUI problems1.Problems which just specify that you need to do certain things. In this case, the layout of GUI is totally in your hands.2.Problems where you are given a unsmooth break awaying on how GUI needs to look. flake 1In case 1, you need to start with a paper and pencil.-Read the problem and identify what needs to be displayed to the user-Depending on that, draw a simple draw on how you want your GUI to look-Then start deciding on the layoutFor example, consider the problem below keep a GUI java program that takes 2 numbers from the user, adds them, and displays the sum.Solution1.For this, you need 2 text fields to read 2 inputs. 2 labels to discern what to enter in the text fields.2.1 button to initiate calculation.3.1 t ext field to display result, and 1 label to address the text field.4.The rough diagram will be5.For the above diagram, if you are going to use a single panel, then grid layout is the best choice. To decide the layout, dissect the diagram as shown below.

Father Franz Boas--Father of American Anthropology Essays -- essays pa

Father Franz Boas--Father of American AnthropologyFranz Boas is often referred to as the father ofAmerican anthropology because of the great influence he hadin the lives and the careers of the close great generation ofanthropologists in America. He came at a time whenanthropology was not considered a true science or even a pregnant discipline and brought an air of respectabilityto the profession, giving those who followed a passion andan example of how to approach anthropology. Boas directedthe field studies and trained such prominent anthropologistsas Alfred Louis Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Margaret Mead, aswell as others. Although he did not leave as his legacy anyspecific line of scene, he left a pattern that wasfollowed by numerous scientists in the next generation.Franz Boas canvas physics and geography in Germany andleft to pursue his hypothesis on was born and raised inGermany and studied physics and geography. After receivinghis doctorate in geography he left Germany and wen t toBaffin Island to test his hypothesis on Arctic geography. While he was there he became fascinated with the Eskimos andhow they lived. From then on he was no longer a geographerbut an Anthropologist. Boas was Jewish and was criticized all his life aboutbeing Jewish. His work showed his resentment ofAnti-Semitism, reflecting the belief that all men arecreated equal. At the time anthropology was based on thebeliefs of men like Tylor and Spencer who believed inevolutionary theories that stated that some stack are moreevolved than others. They believed in categorizingdifferent cultures depending on how evolved they were. These men also did not do any field work, they receivedtheir information from missionaries, government officials,and other people who traveled the world. They categorizedcultures by putting them into a line starting withbarbarians and ending with white people. Anthropologiststhen ranked them depending on how civilized they thoughtthey were. They also felt that people at the high end ofthe line(whites) had one time been where these othercultures are and feel this sort of a psychic whiztowards them. Boas was the first anthropologist to do field work. Hebelieved it was essential to live with certain cultures toget the real feel of what they were like. He be... ...tists who were trying to get the larger picture. Boaswas raise in studying a very small and specific windowof time, which came from the data that he collected whileperforming the field work he deemed necessary to analyze aculture. There is no question that anthropology as a disciplineand as a science took on a reinvigorated life after the arrival ofFrank Boas. Not only did anthropology gain respect in thescientific and the civilian world, but also it gainedrespect in the anthropological field as well. The work thatBoas performed, both in studies and in organization skills,were testaments to a man who has given so much to thediscipline. He was qualified to profoundly in fluence a number ofthinkers and scientists in his own field the validity of hismethods of work and get them to institute them across theboard for use by all anthropologists. Boas was able to do this not only for himself, but moreimportantly, for the generations of American anthropologistsafter him. The influence that he had on Mead, Radin, et. al.is quite remarkable and inevitably to be noted. Boas role andhonor as the head of American anthropology is welldocumented and most deserved.